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A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland

by Samuel Johnson

February, 2000 [Etext #2064]


Project Gutenberg Etext Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland
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This etext was prepared by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk
from the 1775 edition with the corrections noted in the 1785 errata.





A JOURNEY TO THE WESTERN ISLANDS OF SCOTLAND




INCH KEITH



I had desired to visit the Hebrides, or Western Islands of
Scotland, so long, that I scarcely remember how the wish was
originally excited; and was in the Autumn of the year 1773 induced
to undertake the journey, by finding in Mr. Boswell a companion,
whose acuteness would help my inquiry, and whose gaiety of
conversation and civility of manners are sufficient to counteract
the inconveniences of travel, in countries less hospitable than we
have passed.

On the eighteenth of August we left Edinburgh, a city too well
known to admit description, and directed our course northward,
along the eastern coast of Scotland, accompanied the first day by
another gentleman, who could stay with us only long enough to shew
us how much we lost at separation.

As we crossed the Frith of Forth, our curiosity was attracted by
Inch Keith, a small island, which neither of my companions had ever
visited, though, lying within their view, it had all their lives
solicited their notice.  Here, by climbing with some difficulty
over shattered crags, we made the first experiment of unfrequented
coasts.  Inch Keith is nothing more than a rock covered with a thin
layer of earth, not wholly bare of grass, and very fertile of
thistles.  A small herd of cows grazes annually upon it in the
summer.  It seems never to have afforded to man or beast a
permanent habitation.

We found only the ruins of a small fort, not so injured by time but
that it might be easily restored to its former state.  It seems
never to have been intended as a place of strength, nor was built
to endure a siege, but merely to afford cover to a few soldiers,
who perhaps had the charge of a battery, or were stationed to give
signals of approaching danger.  There is therefore no provision of
water within the walls, though the spring is so near, that it might
have been easily enclosed.  One of the stones had this inscription:
'Maria Reg. 1564.'  It has probably been neglected from the time
that the whole island had the same king.

We left this little island with our thoughts employed awhile on the
different appearance that it would have made, if it had been placed
at the same distance from London, with the same facility of
approach; with what emulation of price a few rocky acres would have
been purchased, and with what expensive industry they would have
been cultivated and adorned.

When we landed, we found our chaise ready, and passed through
Kinghorn, Kirkaldy, and Cowpar, places not unlike the small or
straggling market-towns in those parts of England where commerce
and manufactures have not yet produced opulence.

Though we were yet in the most populous part of Scotland, and at so
small a distance from the capital, we met few passengers.

The roads are neither rough nor dirty; and it affords a southern
stranger a new kind of pleasure to travel so commodiously without
the interruption of toll-gates.  Where the bottom is rocky, as it
seems commonly to be in Scotland, a smooth way is made indeed with
great labour, but it never wants repairs; and in those parts where
adventitious materials are necessary, the ground once consolidated
is rarely broken; for the inland commerce is not great, nor are
heavy commodities often transported otherwise than by water.  The
carriages in common use are small carts, drawn each by one little
horse; and a man seems to derive some degree of dignity and
importance from the reputation of possessing a two-horse cart.



ST. ANDREWS



At an hour somewhat late we came to St. Andrews, a city once
archiepiscopal; where that university still subsists in which
philosophy was formerly taught by Buchanan, whose name has as fair
a claim to immortality as can be conferred by modern latinity, and
perhaps a fairer than the instability of vernacular languages
admits.

We found, that by the interposition of some invisible friend,
lodgings had been provided for us at the house of one of the
professors, whose easy civility quickly made us forget that we were
strangers; and in the whole time of our stay we were gratified by
every mode of kindness, and entertained with all the elegance of
lettered hospitality.

In the morning we rose to perambulate a city, which only history
shews to have once flourished, and surveyed the ruins of ancient
magnificence, of which even the ruins cannot long be visible,
unless some care be taken to preserve them; and where is the
pleasure of preserving such mournful memorials?  They have been
till very lately so much neglected, that every man carried away the
stones who fancied that he wanted them.

The cathedral, of which the foundations may be still traced, and a
small part of the wall is standing, appears to have been a spacious
and majestick building, not unsuitable to the primacy of the
kingdom.  Of the architecture, the poor remains can hardly exhibit,
even to an artist, a sufficient specimen.  It was demolished, as is
well known, in the tumult and violence of Knox's reformation.

Not far from the cathedral, on the margin of the water, stands a
fragment of the castle, in which the archbishop anciently resided.
It was never very large, and was built with more attention to
security than pleasure.  Cardinal Beatoun is said to have had
workmen employed in improving its fortifications at the time when
he was murdered by the ruffians of reformation, in the manner of
which Knox has given what he himself calls a merry narrative.

The change of religion in Scotland, eager and vehement as it was,
raised an epidemical enthusiasm, compounded of sullen
scrupulousness and warlike ferocity, which, in a people whom
idleness resigned to their own thoughts, and who, conversing only
with each other, suffered no dilution of their zeal from the
gradual influx of new opinions, was long transmitted in its full
strength from the old to the young, but by trade and intercourse
with England, is now visibly abating, and giving way too fast to
that laxity of practice and indifference of opinion, in which men,
not sufficiently instructed to find the middle point, too easily
shelter themselves from rigour and constraint.

The city of St. Andrews, when it had lost its archiepiscopal pre-
eminence, gradually decayed:  One of its streets is now lost; and
in those that remain, there is silence and solitude of inactive
indigence and gloomy depopulation.

The university, within a few years, consisted of three colleges,
but is now reduced to two; the college of St. Leonard being lately
dissolved by the sale of its buildings and the appropriation of its
revenues to the professors of the two others.  The chapel of the
alienated college is yet standing, a fabrick not inelegant of
external structure; but I was always, by some civil excuse, hindred
from entering it.  A decent attempt, as I was since told, has been
made to convert it into a kind of green-house, by planting its area
with shrubs.  This new method of gardening is unsuccessful; the
plants do not hitherto prosper.  To what use it will next be put I
have no pleasure in conjecturing.  It is something that its present
state is at least not ostentatiously displayed.  Where there is yet
shame, there may in time be virtue.

The dissolution of St. Leonard's college was doubtless necessary;
but of that necessity there is reason to complain.  It is surely
not without just reproach, that a nation, of which the commerce is
hourly extending, and the wealth encreasing, denies any
participation of its prosperity to its literary societies; and
while its merchants or its nobles are raising palaces, suffers its
universities to moulder into dust.

Of the two colleges yet standing, one is by the institution of its
founder appropriated to Divinity.  It is said to be capable of
containing fifty students; but more than one must occupy a chamber.
The library, which is of late erection, is not very spacious, but
elegant and luminous.

The doctor, by whom it was shewn, hoped to irritate or subdue my
English vanity by telling me, that we had no such repository of
books in England.

Saint Andrews seems to be a place eminently adapted to study and
education, being situated in a populous, yet a cheap country, and
exposing the minds and manners of young men neither to the levity
and dissoluteness of a capital city, nor to the gross luxury of a
town of commerce, places naturally unpropitious to learning; in one
the desire of knowledge easily gives way to the love of pleasure,
and in the other, is in danger of yielding to the love of money.

The students however are represented as at this time not exceeding
a hundred.  Perhaps it may be some obstruction to their increase
that there is no episcopal chapel in the place.  I saw no reason
for imputing their paucity to the present professors; nor can the
expence of an academical education be very reasonably objected.  A
student of the highest class may keep his annual session, or as the
English call it, his term, which lasts seven months, for about
fifteen pounds, and one of lower rank for less than ten; in which
board, lodging, and instruction are all included.

The chief magistrate resident in the university, answering to our
vice-chancellor, and to the rector magnificus on the continent, had
commonly the title of Lord Rector; but being addressed only as Mr.
Rector in an inauguratory speech by the present chancellor, he has
fallen from his former dignity of style.  Lordship was very
liberally annexed by our ancestors to any station or character of
dignity:  They said, the Lord General, and Lord Ambassador; so we
still say, my Lord, to the judge upon the circuit, and yet retain
in our Liturgy the Lords of the Council.

In walking among the ruins of religious buildings, we came to two
vaults over which had formerly stood the house of the sub-prior.
One of the vaults was inhabited by an old woman, who claimed the
right of abode there, as the widow of a man whose ancestors had
possessed the same gloomy mansion for no less than four
generations.  The right, however it began, was considered as
established by legal prescription, and the old woman lives
undisturbed.  She thinks however that she has a claim to something
more than sufferance; for as her husband's name was Bruce, she is
allied to royalty, and told Mr. Boswell that when there were
persons of quality in the place, she was distinguished by some
notice; that indeed she is now neglected, but she spins a thread,
has the company of her cat, and is troublesome to nobody.

Having now seen whatever this ancient city offered to our
curiosity, we left it with good wishes, having reason to be highly
pleased with the attention that was paid us.  But whoever surveys
the world must see many things that give him pain.  The kindness of
the professors did not contribute to abate the uneasy remembrance
of an university declining, a college alienated, and a church
profaned and hastening to the ground.

St. Andrews indeed has formerly suffered more atrocious ravages and
more extensive destruction, but recent evils affect with greater
force.  We were reconciled to the sight of archiepiscopal ruins.
The distance of a calamity from the present time seems to preclude
the mind from contact or sympathy.  Events long past are barely
known; they are not considered.  We read with as little emotion the
violence of Knox and his followers, as the irruptions of Alaric and
the Goths.  Had the university been destroyed two centuries ago, we
should not have regretted it; but to see it pining in decay and
struggling for life, fills the mind with mournful images and
ineffectual wishes.



ABERBROTHICK



As we knew sorrow and wishes to be vain, it was now our business to
mind our way.  The roads of Scotland afford little diversion to the
traveller, who seldom sees himself either encountered or overtaken,
and who has nothing to contemplate but grounds that have no visible
boundaries, or are separated by walls of loose stone.  From the
bank of the Tweed to St. Andrews I had never seen a single tree,
which I did not believe to have grown up far within the present
century.  Now and then about a gentleman's house stands a small
plantation, which in Scotch is called a policy, but of these there
are few, and those few all very young.  The variety of sun and
shade is here utterly unknown.  There is no tree for either shelter
or timber.  The oak and the thorn is equally a stranger, and the
whole country is extended in uniform nakedness, except that in the
road between Kirkaldy and Cowpar, I passed for a few yards between
two hedges.  A tree might be a show in Scotland as a horse in
Venice.  At St. Andrews Mr. Boswell found only one, and recommended
it to my notice; I told him that it was rough and low, or looked as
if I thought so.  This, said he, is nothing to another a few miles
off.  I was still less delighted to hear that another tree was not
to be seen nearer.  Nay, said a gentleman that stood by, I know but
of this and that tree in the county.

The Lowlands of Scotland had once undoubtedly an equal portion of
woods with other countries.  Forests are every where gradually
diminished, as architecture and cultivation prevail by the increase
of people and the introduction of arts.  But I believe few regions
have been denuded like this, where many centuries must have passed
in waste without the least thought of future supply.  Davies
observes in his account of Ireland, that no Irishman had ever
planted an orchard.  For that negligence some excuse might be drawn
from an unsettled state of life, and the instability of property;
but in Scotland possession has long been secure, and inheritance
regular, yet it may be doubted whether before the Union any man
between Edinburgh and England had ever set a tree.

Of this improvidence no other account can be given than that it
probably began in times of tumult, and continued because it had
begun.  Established custom is not easily broken, till some great
event shakes the whole system of things, and life seems to
recommence upon new principles.  That before the Union the Scots
had little trade and little money, is no valid apology; for
plantation is the least expensive of all methods of improvement.
To drop a seed into the ground can cost nothing, and the trouble is
not great of protecting the young plant, till it is out of danger;
though it must be allowed to have some difficulty in places like
these, where they have neither wood for palisades, nor thorns for
hedges.

Our way was over the Firth of Tay, where, though the water was not
wide, we paid four shillings for ferrying the chaise.  In Scotland
the necessaries of life are easily procured, but superfluities and
elegancies are of the same price at least as in England, and
therefore may be considered as much dearer.

We stopped a while at Dundee, where I remember nothing remarkable,
and mounting our chaise again, came about the close of the day to
Aberbrothick.

The monastery of Aberbrothick is of great renown in the history of
Scotland.  Its ruins afford ample testimony of its ancient
magnificence:  Its extent might, I suppose, easily be found by
following the walls among the grass and weeds, and its height is
known by some parts yet standing.  The arch of one of the gates is
entire, and of another only so far dilapidated as to diversify the
appearance.  A square apartment of great loftiness is yet standing;
its use I could not conjecture, as its elevation was very
disproportionate to its area.  Two corner towers, particularly
attracted our attention.  Mr. Boswell, whose inquisitiveness is
seconded by great activity, scrambled in at a high window, but
found the stairs within broken, and could not reach the top.  Of
the other tower we were told that the inhabitants sometimes climbed
it, but we did not immediately discern the entrance, and as the
night was gathering upon us, thought proper to desist.  Men skilled
in architecture might do what we did not attempt:  They might
probably form an exact ground-plot of this venerable edifice.  They
may from some parts yet standing conjecture its general form, and
perhaps by comparing it with other buildings of the same kind and
the same age, attain an idea very near to truth.  I should scarcely
have regretted my journey, had it afforded nothing more than the
sight of Aberbrothick.



MONTROSE



Leaving these fragments of magnificence, we travelled on to
Montrose, which we surveyed in the morning, and found it well
built, airy, and clean.  The townhouse is a handsome fabrick with a
portico.  We then went to view the English chapel, and found a
small church, clean to a degree unknown in any other part of
Scotland, with commodious galleries, and what was yet less
expected, with an organ.

At our inn we did not find a reception such as we thought
proportionate to the commercial opulence of the place; but Mr.
Boswell desired me to observe that the innkeeper was an Englishman,
and I then defended him as well as I could.

When I had proceeded thus far, I had opportunities of observing
what I had never heard, that there are many beggars in Scotland.
In Edinburgh the proportion is, I think, not less than in London,
and in the smaller places it is far greater than in English towns
of the same extent.  It must, however, be allowed that they are not
importunate, nor clamorous.  They solicit silently, or very
modestly, and therefore though their behaviour may strike with more
force the heart of a stranger, they are certainly in danger of
missing the attention of their countrymen.  Novelty has always some
power, an unaccustomed mode of begging excites an unaccustomed
degree of pity.  But the force of novelty is by its own nature soon
at an end; the efficacy of outcry and perseverance is permanent and
certain.

The road from Montrose exhibited a continuation of the same
appearances.  The country is still naked, the hedges are of stone,
and the fields so generally plowed that it is hard to imagine where
grass is found for the horses that till them.  The harvest, which
was almost ripe, appeared very plentiful.

Early in the afternoon Mr. Boswell observed that we were at no
great distance from the house of lord Monboddo.  The magnetism of
his conversation easily drew us out of our way, and the
entertainment which we received would have been a sufficient
recompense for a much greater deviation.

The roads beyond Edinburgh, as they are less frequented, must be
expected to grow gradually rougher; but they were hitherto by no
means incommodious.  We travelled on with the gentle pace of a
Scotch driver, who having no rivals in expedition, neither gives
himself nor his horses unnecessary trouble.  We did not affect the
impatience we did not feel, but were satisfied with the company of
each other as well riding in the chaise, as sitting at an inn.  The
night and the day are equally solitary and equally safe; for where
there are so few travellers, why should there be robbers.



ABERDEEN



We came somewhat late to Aberdeen, and found the inn so full, that
we had some difficulty in obtaining admission, till Mr. Boswell
made himself known:  His name overpowered all objection, and we
found a very good house and civil treatment.

I received the next day a very kind letter from Sir Alexander
Gordon, whom I had formerly known in London, and after a cessation
of all intercourse for near twenty years met here professor of
physic in the King's College.  Such unexpected renewals of
acquaintance may be numbered among the most pleasing incidents of
life.

The knowledge of one professor soon procured me the notice of the
rest, and I did not want any token of regard, being conducted
wherever there was any thing which I desired to see, and
entertained at once with the novelty of the place, and the kindness
of communication.

To write of the cities of our own island with the solemnity of
geographical description, as if we had been cast upon a newly
discovered coast, has the appearance of very frivolous ostentation;
yet as Scotland is little known to the greater part of those who
may read these observations, it is not superfluous to relate, that
under the name of Aberdeen are comprised two towns standing about a
mile distant from each other, but governed, I think, by the same
magistrates.

Old Aberdeen is the ancient episcopal city, in which are still to
be seen the remains of the cathedral.  It has the appearance of a
town in decay, having been situated in times when commerce was yet
unstudied, with very little attention to the commodities of the
harbour.

New Aberdeen has all the bustle of prosperous trade, and all the
shew of increasing opulence.  It is built by the water-side.  The
houses are large and lofty, and the streets spacious and clean.
They build almost wholly with the granite used in the new pavement
of the streets of London, which is well known not to want hardness,
yet they shape it easily.  It is beautiful and must be very
lasting.

What particular parts of commerce are chiefly exercised by the
merchants of Aberdeen, I have not inquired.  The manufacture which
forces itself upon a stranger's eye is that of knit-stockings, on
which the women of the lower class are visibly employed.

In each of these towns there is a college, or in stricter language,
an university; for in both there are professors of the same parts
of learning, and the colleges hold their sessions and confer
degrees separately, with total independence of one on the other.

In old Aberdeen stands the King's College, of which the first
president was Hector Boece, or Boethius, who may be justly
reverenced as one of the revivers of elegant learning.  When he
studied at Paris, he was acquainted with Erasmus, who afterwards
gave him a public testimony of his esteem, by inscribing to him a
catalogue of his works.  The stile of Boethius, though, perhaps,
not always rigorously pure, is formed with great diligence upon
ancient models, and wholly uninfected with monastic barbarity.  His
history is written with elegance and vigour, but his fabulousness
and credulity are justly blamed.  His fabulousness, if he was the
author of the fictions, is a fault for which no apology can be
made; but his credulity may be excused in an age, when all men were
credulous.  Learning was then rising on the world; but ages so long
accustomed to darkness, were too much dazzled with its light to see
any thing distinctly.  The first race of scholars, in the fifteenth
century, and some time after, were, for the most part, learning to
speak, rather than to think, and were therefore more studious of
elegance than of truth.  The contemporaries of Boethius thought it
sufficient to know what the ancients had delivered.  The
examination of tenets and of facts was reserved for another
generation.


Boethius, as president of the university, enjoyed a revenue of
forty Scottish marks, about two pounds four shillings and sixpence
of sterling money.  In the present age of trade and taxes, it is
difficult even for the imagination so to raise the value of money,
or so to diminish the demands of life, as to suppose four and forty
shillings a year, an honourable stipend; yet it was probably equal,
not only to the needs, but to the rank of Boethius.  The wealth of
England was undoubtedly to that of Scotland more than five to one,
and it is known that Henry the eighth, among whose faults avarice
was never reckoned, granted to Roger Ascham, as a reward of his
learning, a pension of ten pounds a year.

The other, called the Marischal College, is in the new town.  The
hall is large and well lighted.  One of its ornaments is the
picture of Arthur Johnston, who was principal of the college, and
who holds among the Latin poets of Scotland the next place to the
elegant Buchanan.

In the library I was shewn some curiosities; a Hebrew manuscript of
exquisite penmanship, and a Latin translation of Aristotle's
Politicks by Leonardus Aretinus, written in the Roman character
with nicety and beauty, which, as the art of printing has made them
no longer necessary, are not now to be found.  This was one of the
latest performances of the transcribers, for Aretinus died but
about twenty years before typography was invented.  This version
has been printed, and may be found in libraries, but is little
read; for the same books have been since translated both by
Victorius and Lambinus, who lived in an age more cultivated, but
perhaps owed in part to Aretinus that they were able to excel him.
Much is due to those who first broke the way to knowledge, and left
only to their successors the task of smoothing it.

In both these colleges the methods of instruction are nearly the
same; the lectures differing only by the accidental difference of
diligence, or ability in the professors.  The students wear scarlet
gowns and the professors black, which is, I believe, the academical
dress in all the Scottish universities, except that of Edinburgh,
where the scholars are not distinguished by any particular habit.
In the King's College there is kept a public table, but the
scholars of the Marischal College are boarded in the town.  The
expence of living is here, according to the information that I
could obtain, somewhat more than at St. Andrews.

The course of education is extended to four years, at the end of
which those who take a degree, who are not many, become masters of
arts, and whoever is a master may, if he pleases, immediately
commence doctor.  The title of doctor, however, was for a
considerable time bestowed only on physicians.  The advocates are
examined and approved by their own body; the ministers were not
ambitious of titles, or were afraid of being censured for ambition;
and the doctorate in every faculty was commonly given or sold into
other countries.  The ministers are now reconciled to distinction,
and as it must always happen that some will excel others, have
thought graduation a proper testimony of uncommon abilities or
acquisitions.

The indiscriminate collation of degrees has justly taken away that
respect which they originally claimed as stamps, by which the
literary value of men so distinguished was authoritatively denoted.
That academical honours, or any others should be conferred with
exact proportion to merit, is more than human judgment or human
integrity have given reason to expect.  Perhaps degrees in
universities cannot be better adjusted by any general rule than by
the length of time passed in the public profession of learning.  An
English or Irish doctorate cannot be obtained by a very young man,
and it is reasonable to suppose, what is likewise by experience
commonly found true, that he who is by age qualified to be a
doctor, has in so much time gained learning sufficient not to
disgrace the title, or wit sufficient not to desire it.

The Scotch universities hold but one term or session in the year.
That of St. Andrews continues eight months, that of Aberdeen only
five, from the first of November to the first of April.

In Aberdeen there is an English Chapel, in which the congregation
was numerous and splendid.  The form of public worship used by the
church of England is in Scotland legally practised in licensed
chapels served by clergymen of English or Irish ordination, and by
tacit connivance quietly permitted in separate congregations
supplied with ministers by the successors of the bishops who were
deprived at the Revolution.

We came to Aberdeen on Saturday August 21.  On Monday we were
invited into the town-hall, where I had the freedom of the city
given me by the Lord Provost.  The honour conferred had all the
decorations that politeness could add, and what I am afraid I
should not have had to say of any city south of the Tweed, I found
no petty officer bowing for a fee.

The parchment containing the record of admission is, with the seal
appending, fastened to a riband and worn for one day by the new
citizen in his hat.

By a lady who saw us at the chapel, the Earl of Errol was informed
of our arrival, and we had the honour of an invitation to his seat,
called Slanes Castle, as I am told, improperly, from the castle of
that name, which once stood at a place not far distant.

The road beyond Aberdeen grew more stony, and continued equally
naked of all vegetable decoration.  We travelled over a tract of
ground near the sea, which, not long ago, suffered a very uncommon,
and unexpected calamity.  The sand of the shore was raised by a
tempest in such quantities, and carried to such a distance, that an
estate was overwhelmed and lost.  Such and so hopeless was the
barrenness superinduced, that the owner, when he was required to
pay the usual tax, desired rather to resign the ground.



SLANES CASTLE, THE BULLER OF BUCHAN



We came in the afternoon to Slanes Castle, built upon the margin of
the sea, so that the walls of one of the towers seem only a
continuation of a perpendicular rock, the foot of which is beaten
by the waves.  To walk round the house seemed impracticable.  From
the windows the eye wanders over the sea that separates Scotland
from Norway, and when the winds beat with violence must enjoy all
the terrifick grandeur of the tempestuous ocean.  I would not for
my amusement wish for a storm; but as storms, whether wished or
not, will sometimes happen, I may say, without violation of
humanity, that I should willingly look out upon them from Slanes
Castle.

When we were about to take our leave, our departure was prohibited
by the countess till we should have seen two places upon the coast,
which she rightly considered as worthy of curiosity, Dun Buy, and
the Buller of Buchan, to which Mr. Boyd very kindly conducted us.

Dun Buy, which in Erse is said to signify the Yellow Rock, is a
double protuberance of stone, open to the main sea on one side, and
parted from the land by a very narrow channel on the other.  It has
its name and its colour from the dung of innumerable sea-fowls,
which in the Spring chuse this place as convenient for incubation,
and have their eggs and their young taken in great abundance.  One
of the birds that frequent this rock has, as we were told, its body
not larger than a duck's, and yet lays eggs as large as those of a
goose.  This bird is by the inhabitants named a Coot.  That which
is called Coot in England, is here a Cooter.

Upon these rocks there was nothing that could long detain
attention, and we soon turned our eyes to the Buller, or Bouilloir
of Buchan, which no man can see with indifference, who has either
sense of danger or delight in rarity.  It is a rock perpendicularly
tubulated, united on one side with a high shore, and on the other
rising steep to a great height, above the main sea.  The top is
open, from which may be seen a dark gulf of water which flows into
the cavity, through a breach made in the lower part of the
inclosing rock.  It has the appearance of a vast well bordered with
a wall.  The edge of the Buller is not wide, and to those that walk
round, appears very narrow.  He that ventures to look downward
sees, that if his foot should slip, he must fall from his dreadful
elevation upon stones on one side, or into water on the other.  We
however went round, and were glad when the circuit was completed.

When we came down to the sea, we saw some boats, and rowers, and
resolved to explore the Buller at the bottom.  We entered the arch,
which the water had made, and found ourselves in a place, which,
though we could not think ourselves in danger, we could scarcely
survey without some recoil of the mind.  The bason in which we
floated was nearly circular, perhaps thirty yards in diameter.  We
were inclosed by a natural wall, rising steep on every side to a
height which produced the idea of insurmountable confinement.  The
interception of all lateral light caused a dismal gloom.  Round us
was a perpendicular rock, above us the distant sky, and below an
unknown profundity of water.  If I had any malice against a walking
spirit, instead of laying him in the Red-sea, I would condemn him
to reside in the Buller of Buchan.

But terrour without danger is only one of the sports of fancy, a
voluntary agitation of the mind that is permitted no longer than it
pleases.  We were soon at leisure to examine the place with minute
inspection, and found many cavities which, as the waterman told us,
went backward to a depth which they had never explored.  Their
extent we had not time to try; they are said to serve different
purposes.  Ladies come hither sometimes in the summer with
collations, and smugglers make them storehouses for clandestine
merchandise.  It is hardly to be doubted but the pirates of ancient
times often used them as magazines of arms, or repositories of
plunder.

To the little vessels used by the northern rovers, the Buller may
have served as a shelter from storms, and perhaps as a retreat from
enemies; the entrance might have been stopped, or guarded with
little difficulty, and though the vessels that were stationed
within would have been battered with stones showered on them from
above, yet the crews would have lain safe in the caverns.

Next morning we continued our journey, pleased with our reception
at Slanes Castle, of which we had now leisure to recount the
grandeur and the elegance; for our way afforded us few topics of
conversation.  The ground was neither uncultivated nor unfruitful;
but it was still all arable.  Of flocks or herds there was no
appearance.  I had now travelled two hundred miles in Scotland, and
seen only one tree not younger than myself.



BAMFF



We dined this day at the house of Mr. Frazer of Streichton, who
shewed us in his grounds some stones yet standing of a druidical
circle, and what I began to think more worthy of notice, some
forest trees of full growth.

At night we came to Bamff, where I remember nothing that
particularly claimed my attention.  The ancient towns of Scotland
have generally an appearance unusual to Englishmen.  The houses,
whether great or small, are for the most part built of stones.
Their ends are now and then next the streets, and the entrance into
them is very often by a flight of steps, which reaches up to the
second story, the floor which is level with the ground being
entered only by stairs descending within the house.

The art of joining squares of glass with lead is little used in
Scotland, and in some places is totally forgotten.  The frames of
their windows are all of wood.  They are more frugal of their glass
than the English, and will often, in houses not otherwise mean,
compose a square of two pieces, not joining like cracked glass, but
with one edge laid perhaps half an inch over the other.  Their
windows do not move upon hinges, but are pushed up and drawn down
in grooves, yet they are seldom accommodated with weights and
pullies.  He that would have his window open must hold it with his
hand, unless what may be sometimes found among good contrivers,
there be a nail which he may stick into a hole, to keep it from
falling.

What cannot be done without some uncommon trouble or particular
expedient, will not often be done at all.  The incommodiousness of
the Scotch windows keeps them very closely shut.  The necessity of
ventilating human habitations has not yet been found by our
northern neighbours; and even in houses well built and elegantly
furnished, a stranger may be sometimes forgiven, if he allows
himself to wish for fresher air.

These diminutive observations seem to take away something from the
dignity of writing, and therefore are never communicated but with
hesitation, and a little fear of abasement and contempt.  But it
must be remembered, that life consists not of a series of
illustrious actions, or elegant enjoyments; the greater part of our
time passes in compliance with necessities, in the performance of
daily duties, in the removal of small inconveniences, in the
procurement of petty pleasures; and we are well or ill at ease, as
the main stream of life glides on smoothly, or is ruffled by small
obstacles and frequent interruption.  The true state of every
nation is the state of common life.  The manners of a people are
not to be found in the schools of learning, or the palaces of
greatness, where the national character is obscured or obliterated
by travel or instruction, by philosophy or vanity; nor is public
happiness to be estimated by the assemblies of the gay, or the
banquets of the rich.  The great mass of nations is neither rich
nor gay:  they whose aggregate constitutes the people, are found in
the streets, and the villages, in the shops and farms; and from
them collectively considered, must the measure of general
prosperity be taken.  As they approach to delicacy a nation is
refined, as their conveniences are multiplied, a nation, at least a
commercial nation, must be denominated wealthy.



ELGIN



Finding nothing to detain us at Bamff, we set out in the morning,
and having breakfasted at Cullen, about noon came to Elgin, where
in the inn, that we supposed the best, a dinner was set before us,
which we could not eat.  This was the first time, and except one,
the last, that I found any reason to complain of a Scotish table;
and such disappointments, I suppose, must be expected in every
country, where there is no great frequency of travellers.

The ruins of the cathedral of Elgin afforded us another proof of
the waste of reformation.  There is enough yet remaining to shew,
that it was once magnificent.  Its whole plot is easily traced.  On
the north side of the choir, the chapter-house, which is roofed
with an arch of stone, remains entire; and on the south side,
another mass of building, which we could not enter, is preserved by
the care of the family of Gordon; but the body of the church is a
mass of fragments.

A paper was here put into our hands, which deduced from sufficient
authorities the history of this venerable ruin.  The church of
Elgin had, in the intestine tumults of the barbarous ages, been
laid waste by the irruption of a highland chief, whom the bishop
had offended; but it was gradually restored to the state, of which
the traces may be now discerned, and was at last not destroyed by
the tumultuous violence of Knox, but more shamefully suffered to
dilapidate by deliberate robbery and frigid indifference.  There is
still extant, in the books of the council, an order, of which I
cannot remember the date, but which was doubtless issued after the
Reformation, directing that the lead, which covers the two
cathedrals of Elgin and Aberdeen, shall be taken away, and
converted into money for the support of the army.  A Scotch army
was in those times very cheaply kept; yet the lead of two churches
must have born so small a proportion to any military expence, that
it is hard not to believe the reason alleged to be merely popular,
and the money intended for some private purse.  The order however
was obeyed; the two churches were stripped, and the lead was
shipped to be sold in Holland.  I hope every reader will rejoice
that this cargo of sacrilege was lost at sea.

Let us not however make too much haste to despise our neighbours.
Our own cathedrals are mouldering by unregarded dilapidation.  It
seems to be part of the despicable philosophy of the time to
despise monuments of sacred magnificence, and we are in danger of
doing that deliberately, which the Scots did not do but in the
unsettled state of an imperfect constitution.

Those who had once uncovered the cathedrals never wished to cover
them again; and being thus made useless, they were, first
neglected, and perhaps, as the stone was wanted, afterwards
demolished.

Elgin seems a place of little trade, and thinly inhabited.  The
episcopal cities of Scotland, I believe, generally fell with their
churches, though some of them have since recovered by a situation
convenient for commerce.  Thus Glasgow, though it has no longer an
archbishop, has risen beyond its original state by the opulence of
its traders; and Aberdeen, though its ancient stock had decayed,
flourishes by a new shoot in another place.

In the chief street of Elgin, the houses jut over the lowest story,
like the old buildings of timber in London, but with greater
prominence; so that there is sometimes a walk for a considerable
length under a cloister, or portico, which is now indeed frequently
broken, because the new houses have another form, but seems to have
been uniformly continued in the old city.



FORES.  CALDER.  FORT GEORGE



We went forwards the same day to Fores, the town to which Macbeth
was travelling, when he met the weird sisters in his way.  This to
an Englishman is classic ground.  Our imaginations were heated, and
our thoughts recalled to their old amusements.

We had now a prelude to the Highlands.  We began to leave fertility
and culture behind us, and saw for a great length of road nothing
but heath; yet at Fochabars, a seat belonging to the duke of
Gordon, there is an orchard, which in Scotland I had never seen
before, with some timber trees, and a plantation of oaks.

At Fores we found good accommodation, but nothing worthy of
particular remark, and next morning entered upon the road, on which
Macbeth heard the fatal prediction; but we travelled on not
interrupted by promises of kingdoms, and came to Nairn, a royal
burgh, which, if once it flourished, is now in a state of miserable
decay; but I know not whether its chief annual magistrate has not
still the title of Lord Provost.

At Nairn we may fix the verge of the Highlands; for here I first
saw peat fires, and first heard the Erse language.  We had no
motive to stay longer than to breakfast, and went forward to the
house of Mr. Macaulay, the minister who published an account of St.
Kilda, and by his direction visited Calder Castle, from which
Macbeth drew his second title.  It has been formerly a place of
strength.  The draw-bridge is still to be seen, but the moat is now
dry.  The tower is very ancient:  Its walls are of great thickness,
arched on the top with stone, and surrounded with battlements.  The
rest of the house is later, though far from modern.

We were favoured by a gentleman, who lives in the castle, with a
letter to one of the officers at Fort George, which being the most
regular fortification in the island, well deserves the notice of a
traveller, who has never travelled before.  We went thither next
day, found a very kind reception, were led round the works by a
gentleman, who explained the use of every part, and entertained by
Sir Eyre Coote, the governour, with such elegance of conversation
as left us no attention to the delicacies of his table.

Of Fort George I shall not attempt to give any account.  I cannot
delineate it scientifically, and a loose and popular description is
of use only when the imagination is to be amused.  There was every
where an appearance of the utmost neatness and regularity.  But my
suffrage is of little value, because this and Fort Augustus are the
only garrisons that I ever saw.

We did not regret the time spent at the fort, though in consequence
of our delay we came somewhat late to Inverness, the town which may
properly be called the capital of the Highlands.  Hither the
inhabitants of the inland parts come to be supplied with what they
cannot make for themselves:  Hither the young nymphs of the
mountains and valleys are sent for education, and as far as my
observation has reached, are not sent in vain.



INVERNESS



Inverness was the last place which had a regular communication by
high roads with the southern counties.  All the ways beyond it
have, I believe, been made by the soldiers in this century.  At
Inverness therefore Cromwell, when he subdued Scotland, stationed a
garrison, as at the boundary of the Highlands.  The soldiers seem
to have incorporated afterwards with the inhabitants, and to have
peopled the place with an English race; for the language of this
town has been long considered as peculiarly elegant.

Here is a castle, called the castle of Macbeth, the walls of which
are yet standing.  It was no very capacious edifice, but stands
upon a rock so high and steep, that I think it was once not
accessible, but by the help of ladders, or a bridge.  Over against
it, on another hill, was a fort built by Cromwell, now totally
demolished; for no faction of Scotland loved the name of Cromwell,
or had any desire to continue his memory.

Yet what the Romans did to other nations, was in a great degree
done by Cromwell to the Scots; he civilized them by conquest, and
introduced by useful violence the arts of peace.  I was told at
Aberdeen that the people learned from Cromwell's soldiers to make
shoes and to plant kail.

How they lived without kail, it is not easy to guess:  They
cultivate hardly any other plant for common tables, and when they
had not kail they probably had nothing.  The numbers that go
barefoot are still sufficient to shew that shoes may be spared:
They are not yet considered as necessaries of life; for tall boys,
not otherwise meanly dressed, run without them in the streets; and
in the islands the sons of gentlemen pass several of their first
years with naked feet.

I know not whether it be not peculiar to the Scots to have attained
the liberal, without the manual arts, to have excelled in
ornamental knowledge, and to have wanted not only the elegancies,
but the conveniences of common life.  Literature soon after its
revival found its way to Scotland, and from the middle of the
sixteenth century, almost to the middle of the seventeenth, the
politer studies were very diligently pursued.  The Latin poetry of
Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum would have done honour to any nation, at
least till the publication of May's Supplement the English had very
little to oppose.

Yet men thus ingenious and inquisitive were content to live in
total ignorance of the trades by which human wants are supplied,
and to supply them by the grossest means.  Till the Union made them
acquainted with English manners, the culture of their lands was
unskilful, and their domestick life unformed; their tables were
coarse as the feasts of Eskimeaux, and their houses filthy as the
cottages of Hottentots.

Since they have known that their condition was capable of
improvement, their progress in useful knowledge has been rapid and
uniform.  What remains to be done they will quickly do, and then
wonder, like me, why that which was so necessary and so easy was so
long delayed.  But they must be for ever content to owe to the
English that elegance and culture, which, if they had been vigilant
and active, perhaps the English might have owed to them.

Here the appearance of life began to alter.  I had seen a few women
with plaids at Aberdeen; but at Inverness the Highland manners are
common.  There is I think a kirk, in which only the Erse language
is used.  There is likewise an English chapel, but meanly built,
where on Sunday we saw a very decent congregation.

We were now to bid farewel to the luxury of travelling, and to
enter a country upon which perhaps no wheel has ever rolled.  We
could indeed have used our post-chaise one day longer, along the
military road to Fort Augustus, but we could have hired no horses
beyond Inverness, and we were not so sparing of ourselves, as to
lead them, merely that we might have one day longer the indulgence
of a carriage.

At Inverness therefore we procured three horses for ourselves and a
servant, and one more for our baggage, which was no very heavy
load.  We found in the course of our journey the convenience of
having disencumbered ourselves, by laying aside whatever we could
spare; for it is not to be imagined without experience, how in
climbing crags, and treading bogs, and winding through narrow and
obstructed passages, a little bulk will hinder, and a little weight
will burthen; or how often a man that has pleased himself at home
with his own resolution, will, in the hour of darkness and fatigue,
be content to leave behind him every thing but himself.



LOUGH NESS



We took two Highlanders to run beside us, partly to shew us the
way, and partly to take back from the sea-side the horses, of which
they were the owners.  One of them was a man of great liveliness
and activity, of whom his companion said, that he would tire any
horse in Inverness.  Both of them were civil and ready-handed.
Civility seems part of the national character of Highlanders.
Every chieftain is a monarch, and politeness, the natural product
of royal government, is diffused from the laird through the whole
clan.  But they are not commonly dexterous:  their narrowness of
life confines them to a few operations, and they are accustomed to
endure little wants more than to remove them.

We mounted our steeds on the thirtieth of August, and directed our
guides to conduct us to Fort Augustus.  It is built at the head of
Lough Ness, of which Inverness stands at the outlet.  The way
between them has been cut by the soldiers, and the greater part of
it runs along a rock, levelled with great labour and exactness,
near the water-side.

Most of this day's journey was very pleasant.  The day, though
bright, was not hot; and the appearance of the country, if I had
not seen the Peak, would have been wholly new.  We went upon a
surface so hard and level, that we had little care to hold the
bridle, and were therefore at full leisure for contemplation.  On
the left were high and steep rocks shaded with birch, the hardy
native of the North, and covered with fern or heath.  On the right
the limpid waters of Lough Ness were beating their bank, and waving
their surface by a gentle agitation.  Beyond them were rocks
sometimes covered with verdure, and sometimes towering in horrid
nakedness.  Now and then we espied a little cornfield, which served
to impress more strongly the general barrenness.

Lough Ness is about twenty-four miles long, and from one mile to
two miles broad.  It is remarkable that Boethius, in his
description of Scotland, gives it twelve miles of breadth.  When
historians or geographers exhibit false accounts of places far
distant, they may be forgiven, because they can tell but what they
are told; and that their accounts exceed the truth may be justly
supposed, because most men exaggerate to others, if not to
themselves:  but Boethius lived at no great distance; if he never
saw the lake, he must have been very incurious, and if he had seen
it, his veracity yielded to very slight temptations.

Lough Ness, though not twelve miles broad, is a very remarkable
diffusion of water without islands.  It fills a large hollow
between two ridges of high rocks, being supplied partly by the
torrents which fall into it on either side, and partly, as is
supposed, by springs at the bottom.  Its water is remarkably clear
and pleasant, and is imagined by the natives to be medicinal.  We
were told, that it is in some places a hundred and forty fathoms
deep, a profundity scarcely credible, and which probably those that
relate it have never sounded.  Its fish are salmon, trout, and
pike.

It was said at fort Augustus, that Lough Ness is open in the
hardest winters, though a lake not far from it is covered with ice.
In discussing these exceptions from the course of nature, the first
question is, whether the fact be justly stated.  That which is
strange is delightful, and a pleasing error is not willingly
detected.  Accuracy of narration is not very common, and there are
few so rigidly philosophical, as not to represent as perpetual,
what is only frequent, or as constant, what is really casual.  If
it be true that Lough Ness never freezes, it is either sheltered by
its high banks from the cold blasts, and exposed only to those
winds which have more power to agitate than congeal; or it is kept
in perpetual motion by the rush of streams from the rocks that
inclose it.  Its profundity though it should be such as is
represented can have little part in this exemption; for though deep
wells are not frozen, because their water is secluded from the
external air, yet where a wide surface is exposed to the full
influence of a freezing atmosphere, I know not why the depth should
keep it open.  Natural philosophy is now one of the favourite
studies of the Scottish nation, and Lough Ness well deserves to be
diligently examined.

The road on which we travelled, and which was itself a source of
entertainment, is made along the rock, in the direction of the
lough, sometimes by breaking off protuberances, and sometimes by
cutting the great mass of stone to a considerable depth.  The
fragments are piled in a loose wall on either side, with apertures
left at very short spaces, to give a passage to the wintry
currents.  Part of it is bordered with low trees, from which our
guides gathered nuts, and would have had the appearance of an
English lane, except that an English lane is almost always dirty.
It has been made with great labour, but has this advantage, that it
cannot, without equal labour, be broken up.

Within our sight there were goats feeding or playing.  The
mountains have red deer, but they came not within view; and if what
is said of their vigilance and subtlety be true, they have some
claim to that palm of wisdom, which the eastern philosopher, whom
Alexander interrogated, gave to those beasts which live furthest
from men.

Near the way, by the water side, we espied a cottage.  This was the
first Highland Hut that I had seen; and as our business was with
life and manners, we were willing to visit it.  To enter a
habitation without leave, seems to be not considered here as
rudeness or intrusion.  The old laws of hospitality still give this
licence to a stranger.

A hut is constructed with loose stones, ranged for the most part
with some tendency to circularity.  It must be placed where the
wind cannot act upon it with violence, because it has no cement;
and where the water will run easily away, because it has no floor
but the naked ground.  The wall, which is commonly about six feet
high, declines from the perpendicular a little inward.  Such
rafters as can be procured are then raised for a roof, and covered
with heath, which makes a strong and warm thatch, kept from flying
off by ropes of twisted heath, of which the ends, reaching from the
center of the thatch to the top of the wall, are held firm by the
weight of a large stone.  No light is admitted but at the entrance,
and through a hole in the thatch, which gives vent to the smoke.
This hole is not directly over the fire, lest the rain should
extinguish it; and the smoke therefore naturally fills the place
before it escapes.  Such is the general structure of the houses in
which one of the nations of this opulent and powerful island has
been hitherto content to live.  Huts however are not more uniform
than palaces; and this which we were inspecting was very far from
one of the meanest, for it was divided into several apartments; and
its inhabitants possessed such property as a pastoral poet might
exalt into riches.

When we entered, we found an old woman boiling goats-flesh in a
kettle.  She spoke little English, but we had interpreters at hand;
and she was willing enough to display her whole system of economy.
She has five children, of which none are yet gone from her.  The
eldest, a boy of thirteen, and her husband, who is eighty years
old, were at work in the wood.  Her two next sons were gone to
Inverness to buy meal, by which oatmeal is always meant.  Meal she
considered as expensive food, and told us, that in Spring, when the
goats gave milk, the children could live without it.  She is
mistress of sixty goats, and I saw many kids in an enclosure at the
end of her house.  She had also some poultry.  By the lake we saw a
potatoe-garden, and a small spot of ground on which stood four
shucks, containing each twelve sheaves of barley.  She has all this
from the labour of their own hands, and for what is necessary to be
bought, her kids and her chickens are sent to market.

With the true pastoral hospitality, she asked us to sit down and
drink whisky.  She is religious, and though the kirk is four miles
off, probably eight English miles, she goes thither every Sunday.
We gave her a shilling, and she begged snuff; for snuff is the
luxury of a Highland cottage.

Soon afterwards we came to the General's Hut, so called because it
was the temporary abode of Wade, while he superintended the works
upon the road.  It is now a house of entertainment for passengers,
and we found it not ill stocked with provisions.



FALL OF FIERS



Towards evening we crossed, by a bridge, the river which makes the
celebrated fall of Fiers.  The country at the bridge strikes the
imagination with all the gloom and grandeur of Siberian solitude.
The way makes a flexure, and the mountains, covered with trees,
rise at once on the left hand and in the front.  We desired our
guides to shew us the fall, and dismounting, clambered over very
rugged crags, till I began to wish that our curiosity might have
been gratified with less trouble and danger.  We came at last to a
place where we could overlook the river, and saw a channel torn, as
it seems, through black piles of stone, by which the stream is
obstructed and broken, till it comes to a very steep descent, of
such dreadful depth, that we were naturally inclined to turn aside
our eyes.

But we visited the place at an unseasonable time, and found it
divested of its dignity and terror.  Nature never gives every thing
at once.  A long continuance of dry weather, which made the rest of
the way easy and delightful, deprived us of the pleasure expected
from the fall of Fiers.  The river having now no water but what the
springs supply, showed us only a swift current, clear and shallow,
fretting over the asperities of the rocky bottom, and we were left
to exercise our thoughts, by endeavouring to conceive the effect of
a thousand streams poured from the mountains into one channel,
struggling for expansion in a narrow passage, exasperated by rocks
rising in their way, and at last discharging all their violence of
waters by a sudden fall through the horrid chasm.

The way now grew less easy, descending by an uneven declivity, but
without either dirt or danger.  We did not arrive at Fort Augustus
till it was late.  Mr. Boswell, who, between his father's merit and
his own, is sure of reception wherever he comes, sent a servant
before to beg admission and entertainment for that night.  Mr.
Trapaud, the governor, treated us with that courtesy which is so
closely connected with the military character.  He came out to meet
us beyond the gates, and apologized that, at so late an hour, the
rules of a garrison suffered him to give us entrance only at the
postern.



FORT AUGUSTUS



In the morning we viewed the fort, which is much less than that of
St. George, and is said to be commanded by the neighbouring hills.
It was not long ago taken by the Highlanders.  But its situation
seems well chosen for pleasure, if not for strength; it stands at
the head of the lake, and, by a sloop of sixty tuns, is supplied
from Inverness with great convenience.

We were now to cross the Highlands towards the western coast, and
to content ourselves with such accommodations, as a way so little
frequented could afford.  The journey was not formidable, for it
was but of two days, very unequally divided, because the only
house, where we could be entertained, was not further off than a
third of the way.  We soon came to a high hill, which we mounted by
a military road, cut in traverses, so that as we went upon a higher
stage, we saw the baggage following us below in a contrary
direction.  To make this way, the rock has been hewn to a level
with labour that might have broken the perseverance of a Roman
legion.

The country is totally denuded of its wood, but the stumps both of
oaks and firs, which are still found, shew that it has been once a
forest of large timber.  I do not remember that we saw any animals,
but we were told that, in the mountains, there are stags, roebucks,
goats and rabbits.

We did not perceive that this tract was possessed by human beings,
except that once we saw a corn field, in which a lady was walking
with some gentlemen.  Their house was certainly at no great
distance, but so situated that we could not descry it.

Passing on through the dreariness of solitude, we found a party of
soldiers from the fort, working on the road, under the
superintendence of a serjeant.  We told them how kindly we had been
treated at the garrison, and as we were enjoying the benefit of
their labours, begged leave to shew our gratitude by a small
present.



ANOCH



Early in the afternoon we came to Anoch, a village in Glenmollison
of three huts, one of which is distinguished by a chimney.  Here we
were to dine and lodge, and were conducted through the first room,
that had the chimney, into another lighted by a small glass window.
The landlord attended us with great civility, and told us what he
could give us to eat and drink.  I found some books on a shelf,
among which were a volume or more of Prideaux's Connection.

This I mentioned as something unexpected, and perceived that I did
not please him.  I praised the propriety of his language, and was
answered that I need not wonder, for he had learned it by grammar.

By subsequent opportunities of observation, I found that my host's
diction had nothing peculiar.  Those Highlanders that can speak
English, commonly speak it well, with few of the words, and little
of the tone by which a Scotchman is distinguished.  Their language
seems to have been learned in the army or the navy, or by some
communication with those who could give them good examples of
accent and pronunciation.  By their Lowland neighbours they would
not willingly be taught; for they have long considered them as a
mean and degenerate race.  These prejudices are wearing fast away;
but so much of them still remains, that when I asked a very learned
minister in the islands, which they considered as their most savage
clans:  'Those,' said he, 'that live next the Lowlands.'

As we came hither early in the day, we had time sufficient to
survey the place.  The house was built like other huts of loose
stones, but the part in which we dined and slept was lined with
turf and wattled with twigs, which kept the earth from falling.
Near it was a garden of turnips and a field of potatoes.  It stands
in a glen, or valley, pleasantly watered by a winding river.  But
this country, however it may delight the gazer or amuse the
naturalist, is of no great advantage to its owners.  Our landlord
told us of a gentleman, who possesses lands, eighteen Scotch miles
in length, and three in breadth; a space containing at least a
hundred square English miles.  He has raised his rents, to the
danger of depopulating his farms, and he fells his timber, and by
exerting every art of augmentation, has obtained an yearly revenue
of four hundred pounds, which for a hundred square miles is three
halfpence an acre.

Some time after dinner we were surprised by the entrance of a young
woman, not inelegant either in mien or dress, who asked us whether
we would have tea.  We found that she was the daughter of our host,
and desired her to make it.  Her conversation, like her appearance,
was gentle and pleasing.  We knew that the girls of the Highlands
are all gentlewomen, and treated her with great respect, which she
received as customary and due, and was neither elated by it, nor
confused, but repaid my civilities without embarassment, and told
me how much I honoured her country by coming to survey it.

She had been at Inverness to gain the common female qualifications,
and had, like her father, the English pronunciation.  I presented
her with a book, which I happened to have about me, and should not
be pleased to think that she forgets me.

In the evening the soldiers, whom we had passed on the road, came
to spend at our inn the little money that we had given them.  They
had the true military impatience of coin in their pockets, and had
marched at least six miles to find the first place where liquor
could be bought.  Having never been before in a place so wild and
unfrequented, I was glad of their arrival, because I knew that we
had made them friends, and to gain still more of their good will,
we went to them, where they were carousing in the barn, and added
something to our former gift.  All that we gave was not much, but
it detained them in the barn, either merry or quarrelling, the
whole night, and in the morning they went back to their work, with
great indignation at the bad qualities of whisky.

We had gained so much the favour of our host, that, when we left
his house in the morning, he walked by us a great way, and
entertained us with conversation both on his own condition, and
that of the country.  His life seemed to be merely pastoral, except
that he differed from some of the ancient Nomades in having a
settled dwelling.  His wealth consists of one hundred sheep, as
many goats, twelve milk-cows, and twenty-eight beeves ready for the
drover.

From him we first heard of the general dissatisfaction, which is
now driving the Highlanders into the other hemisphere; and when I
asked him whether they would stay at home, if they were well
treated, he answered with indignation, that no man willingly left
his native country.  Of the farm, which he himself occupied, the
rent had, in twenty-five years, been advanced from five to twenty
pounds, which he found himself so little able to pay, that he would
be glad to try his fortune in some other place.  Yet he owned the
reasonableness of raising the Highland rents in a certain degree,
and declared himself willing to pay ten pounds for the ground which
he had formerly had for five.

Our host having amused us for a time, resigned us to our guides.
The journey of this day was long, not that the distance was great,
but that the way was difficult.  We were now in the bosom of the
Highlands, with full leisure to contemplate the appearance and
properties of mountainous regions, such as have been, in many
countries, the last shelters of national distress, and are every
where the scenes of adventures, stratagems, surprises and escapes.

Mountainous countries are not passed but with difficulty, not
merely from the labour of climbing; for to climb is not always
necessary:  but because that which is not mountain is commonly bog,
through which the way must be picked with caution.  Where there are
hills, there is much rain, and the torrents pouring down into the
intermediate spaces, seldom find so ready an outlet, as not to
stagnate, till they have broken the texture of the ground.

Of the hills, which our journey offered to the view on either side,
we did not take the height, nor did we see any that astonished us
with their loftiness.  Towards the summit of one, there was a white
spot, which I should have called a naked rock, but the guides, who
had better eyes, and were acquainted with the phenomena of the
country, declared it to be snow.  It had already lasted to the end
of August, and was likely to maintain its contest with the sun,
till it should be reinforced by winter.

The height of mountains philosophically considered is properly
computed from the surface of the next sea; but as it affects the
eye or imagination of the passenger, as it makes either a spectacle
or an obstruction, it must be reckoned from the place where the
rise begins to make a considerable angle with the plain.  In
extensive continents the land may, by gradual elevation, attain
great height, without any other appearance than that of a plane
gently inclined, and if a hill placed upon such raised ground be
described, as having its altitude equal to the whole space above
the sea, the representation will be fallacious.

These mountains may be properly enough measured from the inland
base; for it is not much above the sea.  As we advanced at evening
towards the western coast, I did not observe the declivity to be
greater than is necessary for the discharge of the inland waters.

We passed many rivers and rivulets, which commonly ran with a clear
shallow stream over a hard pebbly bottom.  These channels, which
seem so much wider than the water that they convey would naturally
require, are formed by the violence of wintry floods, produced by
the accumulation of innumerable streams that fall in rainy weather
from the hills, and bursting away with resistless impetuosity, make
themselves a passage proportionate to their mass.

Such capricious and temporary waters cannot be expected to produce
many fish.  The rapidity of the wintry deluge sweeps them away, and
the scantiness of the summer stream would hardly sustain them above
the ground.  This is the reason why in fording the northern rivers,
no fishes are seen, as in England, wandering in the water.

Of the hills many may be called with Homer's Ida 'abundant in
springs', but few can deserve the epithet which he bestows upon
Pelion by 'waving their leaves.'  They exhibit very little variety;
being almost wholly covered with dark heath, and even that seems to
be checked in its growth.  What is not heath is nakedness, a little
diversified by now and then a stream rushing down the steep.  An
eye accustomed to flowery pastures and waving harvests is
astonished and repelled by this wide extent of hopeless sterility.
The appearance is that of matter incapable of form or usefulness,
dismissed by nature from her care and disinherited of her favours,
left in its original elemental state, or quickened only with one
sullen power of useless vegetation.

It will very readily occur, that this uniformity of barrenness can
afford very little amusement to the traveller; that it is easy to
sit at home and conceive rocks and heath, and waterfalls; and that
these journeys are useless labours, which neither impregnate the
imagination, nor enlarge the understanding.  It is true that of far
the greater part of things, we must content ourselves with such
knowledge as description may exhibit, or analogy supply; but it is
true likewise, that these ideas are always incomplete, and that at
least, till we have compared them with realities, we do not know
them to be just.  As we see more, we become possessed of more
certainties, and consequently gain more principles of reasoning,
and found a wider basis of analogy.

Regions mountainous and wild, thinly inhabited, and little
cultivated, make a great part of the earth, and he that has never
seen them, must live unacquainted with much of the face of nature,
and with one of the great scenes of human existence.

As the day advanced towards noon, we entered a narrow valley not
very flowery, but sufficiently verdant.  Our guides told us, that
the horses could not travel all day without rest or meat, and
intreated us to stop here, because no grass would be found in any
other place.  The request was reasonable and the argument cogent.
We therefore willingly dismounted and diverted ourselves as the
place gave us opportunity.

I sat down on a bank, such as a writer of Romance might have
delighted to feign.  I had indeed no trees to whisper over my head,
but a clear rivulet streamed at my feet.  The day was calm, the air
soft, and all was rudeness, silence, and solitude.  Before me, and
on either side, were high hills, which by hindering the eye from
ranging, forced the mind to find entertainment for itself.  Whether
I spent the hour well I know not; for here I first conceived the
thought of this narration.

We were in this place at ease and by choice, and had no evils to
suffer or to fear; yet the imaginations excited by the view of an
unknown and untravelled wilderness are not such as arise in the
artificial solitude of parks and gardens, a flattering notion of
self-sufficiency, a placid indulgence of voluntary delusions, a
secure expansion of the fancy, or a cool concentration of the
mental powers.  The phantoms which haunt a desert are want, and
misery, and danger; the evils of dereliction rush upon the
thoughts; man is made unwillingly acquainted with his own weakness,
and meditation shows him only how little he can sustain, and how
little he can perform.  There were no traces of inhabitants, except
perhaps a rude pile of clods called a summer hut, in which a
herdsman had rested in the favourable seasons.  Whoever had been in
the place where I then sat, unprovided with provisions and ignorant
of the country, might, at least before the roads were made, have
wandered among the rocks, till he had perished with hardship,
before he could have found either food or shelter.  Yet what are
these hillocks to the ridges of Taurus, or these spots of wildness
to the desarts of America?

It was not long before we were invited to mount, and continued our
journey along the side of a lough, kept full by many streams, which
with more or less rapidity and noise, crossed the road from the
hills on the other hand.  These currents, in their diminished
state, after several dry months, afford, to one who has always
lived in level countries, an unusual and delightful spectacle; but
in the rainy season, such as every winter may be expected to bring,
must precipitate an impetuous and tremendous flood.  I suppose the
way by which we went, is at that time impassable.



GLENSHEALS



The lough at last ended in a river broad and shallow like the rest,
but that it may be passed when it is deeper, there is a bridge over
it.  Beyond it is a valley called Glensheals, inhabited by the clan
of Macrae.  Here we found a village called Auknasheals, consisting
of many huts, perhaps twenty, built all of dry-stone, that is,
stones piled up without mortar.

We had, by the direction of the officers at Fort Augustus, taken
bread for ourselves, and tobacco for those Highlanders who might
show us any kindness.  We were now at a place where we could obtain
milk, but we must have wanted bread if we had not brought it.  The
people of this valley did not appear to know any English, and our
guides now became doubly necessary as interpreters.  A woman, whose
hut was distinguished by greater spaciousness and better
architecture, brought out some pails of milk.  The villagers
gathered about us in considerable numbers, I believe without any
evil intention, but with a very savage wildness of aspect and
manner.  When our meal was over, Mr. Boswell sliced the bread, and
divided it amongst them, as he supposed them never to have tasted a
wheaten loaf before.  He then gave them little pieces of twisted
tobacco, and among the children we distributed a small handful of
halfpence, which they received with great eagerness.  Yet I have
been since told, that the people of that valley are not indigent;
and when we mentioned them afterwards as needy and pitiable, a
Highland lady let us know, that we might spare our commiseration;
for the dame whose milk we drank had probably more than a dozen
milk-cows.  She seemed unwilling to take any price, but being
pressed to make a demand, at last named a shilling.  Honesty is not
greater where elegance is less.  One of the bystanders, as we were
told afterwards, advised her to ask for more, but she said a
shilling was enough.  We gave her half a crown, and I hope got some
credit for our behaviour; for the company said, if our interpreters
did not flatter us, that they had not seen such a day since the old
laird of Macleod passed through their country.

The Macraes, as we heard afterwards in the Hebrides, were
originally an indigent and subordinate clan, and having no farms
nor stock, were in great numbers servants to the Maclellans, who,
in the war of Charles the First, took arms at the call of the
heroic Montrose, and were, in one of his battles, almost all
destroyed.  The women that were left at home, being thus deprived
of their husbands, like the Scythian ladies of old, married their
servants, and the Macraes became a considerable race.



THE HIGHLANDS



As we continued our journey, we were at leisure to extend our
speculations, and to investigate the reason of those peculiarities
by which such rugged regions as these before us are generally
distinguished.

Mountainous countries commonly contain the original, at least the
oldest race of inhabitants, for they are not easily conquered,
because they must be entered by narrow ways, exposed to every power
of mischief from those that occupy the heights; and every new ridge
is a new fortress, where the defendants have again the same
advantages.  If the assailants either force the strait, or storm
the summit, they gain only so much ground; their enemies are fled
to take possession of the next rock, and the pursuers stand at
gaze, knowing neither where the ways of escape wind among the
steeps, nor where the bog has firmness to sustain them:  besides
that, mountaineers have an agility in climbing and descending
distinct from strength or courage, and attainable only by use.

If the war be not soon concluded, the invaders are dislodged by
hunger; for in those anxious and toilsome marches, provisions
cannot easily be carried, and are never to be found.  The wealth of
mountains is cattle, which, while the men stand in the passes, the
women drive away.  Such lands at last cannot repay the expence of
conquest, and therefore perhaps have not been so often invaded by
the mere ambition of dominion; as by resentment of robberies and
insults, or the desire of enjoying in security the more fruitful
provinces.

As mountains are long before they are conquered, they are likewise
long before they are civilized.  Men are softened by intercourse
mutually profitable, and instructed by comparing their own notions
with those of others.  Thus Caesar found the maritime parts of
Britain made less barbarous by their commerce with the Gauls.  Into
a barren and rough tract no stranger is brought either by the hope
of gain or of pleasure.  The inhabitants having neither commodities
for sale, nor money for purchase, seldom visit more polished
places, or if they do visit them, seldom return.

It sometimes happens that by conquest, intermixture, or gradual
refinement, the cultivated parts of a country change their
language.  The mountaineers then become a distinct nation, cut off
by dissimilitude of speech from conversation with their neighbours.
Thus in Biscay, the original Cantabrian, and in Dalecarlia, the old
Swedish still subsists.  Thus Wales and the Highlands speak the
tongue of the first inhabitants of Britain, while the other parts
have received first the Saxon, and in some degree afterwards the
French, and then formed a third language between them.

That the primitive manners are continued where the primitive
language is spoken, no nation will desire me to suppose, for the
manners of mountaineers are commonly savage, but they are rather
produced by their situation than derived from their ancestors.

Such seems to be the disposition of man, that whatever makes a
distinction produces rivalry.  England, before other causes of
enmity were found, was disturbed for some centuries by the contests
of the northern and southern counties; so that at Oxford, the peace
of study could for a long time be preserved only by chusing
annually one of the Proctors from each side of the Trent.  A tract
intersected by many ridges of mountains, naturally divides its
inhabitants into petty nations, which are made by a thousand causes
enemies to each other.  Each will exalt its own chiefs, each will
boast the valour of its men, or the beauty of its women, and every
claim of superiority irritates competition; injuries will sometimes
be done, and be more injuriously defended; retaliation will
sometimes be attempted, and the debt exacted with too much
interest.

In the Highlands it was a law, that if a robber was sheltered from
justice, any man of the same clan might be taken in his place.
This was a kind of irregular justice, which, though necessary in
savage times, could hardly fail to end in a feud, and a feud once
kindled among an idle people with no variety of pursuits to divert
their thoughts, burnt on for ages either sullenly glowing in secret
mischief, or openly blazing into public violence.  Of the effects
of this violent judicature, there are not wanting memorials.  The
cave is now to be seen to which one of the Campbells, who had
injured the Macdonalds, retired with a body of his own clan.  The
Macdonalds required the offender, and being refused, made a fire at
the mouth of the cave, by which he and his adherents were
suffocated together.

Mountaineers are warlike, because by their feuds and competitions
they consider themselves as surrounded with enemies, and are always
prepared to repel incursions, or to make them.  Like the Greeks in
their unpolished state, described by Thucydides, the Highlanders,
till lately, went always armed, and carried their weapons to
visits, and to church.

Mountaineers are thievish, because they are poor, and having
neither manufactures nor commerce, can grow richer only by robbery.
They regularly plunder their neighbours, for their neighbours are
commonly their enemies; and having lost that reverence for
property, by which the order of civil life is preserved, soon
consider all as enemies, whom they do not reckon as friends, and
think themselves licensed to invade whatever they are not obliged
to protect.

By a strict administration of the laws, since the laws have been
introduced into the Highlands, this disposition to thievery is very
much represt.  Thirty years ago no herd had ever been conducted
through the mountains, without paying tribute in the night, to some
of the clans; but cattle are now driven, and passengers travel
without danger, fear, or molestation.

Among a warlike people, the quality of highest esteem is personal
courage, and with the ostentatious display of courage are closely
connected promptitude of offence and quickness of resentment.  The
Highlanders, before they were disarmed, were so addicted to
quarrels, that the boys used to follow any publick procession or
ceremony, however festive, or however solemn, in expectation of the
battle, which was sure to happen before the company dispersed.

Mountainous regions are sometimes so remote from the seat of
government, and so difficult of access, that they are very little
under the influence of the sovereign, or within the reach of
national justice.  Law is nothing without power; and the sentence
of a distant court could not be easily executed, nor perhaps very
safely promulgated, among men ignorantly proud and habitually
violent, unconnected with the general system, and accustomed to
reverence only their own lords.  It has therefore been necessary to
erect many particular jurisdictions, and commit the punishment of
crimes, and the decision of right to the proprietors of the country
who could enforce their own decrees.  It immediately appears that
such judges will be often ignorant, and often partial; but in the
immaturity of political establishments no better expedient could be
found.  As government advances towards perfection, provincial
judicature is perhaps in every empire gradually abolished.

Those who had thus the dispensation of law, were by consequence
themselves lawless.  Their vassals had no shelter from outrages and
oppressions; but were condemned to endure, without resistance, the
caprices of wantonness, and the rage of cruelty.

In the Highlands, some great lords had an hereditary jurisdiction
over counties; and some chieftains over their own lands; till the
final conquest of the Highlands afforded an opportunity of crushing
all the local courts, and of extending the general benefits of
equal law to the low and the high, in the deepest recesses and
obscurest corners.

While the chiefs had this resemblance of royalty, they had little
inclination to appeal, on any question, to superior judicatures.  A
claim of lands between two powerful lairds was decided like a
contest for dominion between sovereign powers.  They drew their
forces into the field, and right attended on the strongest.  This
was, in ruder times, the common practice, which the kings of
Scotland could seldom control.

Even so lately as in the last years of King William, a battle was
fought at Mull Roy, on a plain a few miles to the south of
Inverness, between the clans of Mackintosh and Macdonald of
Keppoch.  Col.  Macdonald, the head of a small clan, refused to pay
the dues demanded from him by Mackintosh, as his superior lord.
They disdained the interposition of judges and laws, and calling
each his followers to maintain the dignity of the clan, fought a
formal battle, in which several considerable men fell on the side
of Mackintosh, without a complete victory to either.  This is said
to have been the last open war made between the clans by their own
authority.

The Highland lords made treaties, and formed alliances, of which
some traces may still be found, and some consequences still remain
as lasting evidences of petty regality.  The terms of one of these
confederacies were, that each should support the other in the
right, or in the wrong, except against the king.

The inhabitants of mountains form distinct races, and are careful
to preserve their genealogies.  Men in a small district necessarily
mingle blood by intermarriages, and combine at last into one
family, with a common interest in the honour and disgrace of every
individual.  Then begins that union of affections, and co-operation
of endeavours, that constitute a clan.  They who consider
themselves as ennobled by their family, will think highly of their
progenitors, and they who through successive generations live
always together in the same place, will preserve local stories and
hereditary prejudices.  Thus every Highlander can talk of his
ancestors, and recount the outrages which they suffered from the
wicked inhabitants of the next valley.

Such are the effects of habitation among mountains, and such were
the qualities of the Highlanders, while their rocks secluded them
from the rest of mankind, and kept them an unaltered and
discriminated race.  They are now losing their distinction, and
hastening to mingle with the general community.



GLENELG



We left Auknasheals and the Macraes its the afternoon, and in the
evening came to Ratiken, a high hill on which a road is cut, but so
steep and narrow, that it is very difficult.  There is now a design
of making another way round the bottom.  Upon one of the
precipices, my horse, weary with the steepness of the rise,
staggered a little, and I called in haste to the Highlander to hold
him.  This was the only moment of my journey, in which I thought
myself endangered.

Having surmounted the hill at last, we were told that at Glenelg,
on the sea-side, we should come to a house of lime and slate and
glass.  This image of magnificence raised our expectation.  At last
we came to our inn weary and peevish, and began to inquire for meat
and beds.

Of the provisions the negative catalogue was very copious.  Here
was no meat, no milk, no bread, no eggs, no wine.  We did not
express much satisfaction.  Here however we were to stay.  Whisky
we might have, and I believe at last they caught a fowl and killed
it.  We had some bread, and with that we prepared ourselves to be
contented, when we had a very eminent proof of Highland
hospitality.  Along some miles of the way, in the evening, a
gentleman's servant had kept us company on foot with very little
notice on our part.  He left us near Glenelg, and we thought on him
no more till he came to us again, in about two hours, with a
present from his master of rum and sugar.  The man had mentioned
his company, and the gentleman, whose name, I think, is Gordon,
well knowing the penury of the place, had this attention to two
men, whose names perhaps he had not heard, by whom his kindness was
not likely to be ever repaid, and who could be recommended to him
only by their necessities.

We were now to examine our lodging.  Out of one of the beds, on
which we were to repose, started up, at our entrance, a man black
as a Cyclops from the forge.  Other circumstances of no elegant
recital concurred to disgust us.  We had been frighted by a lady at
Edinburgh, with discouraging representations of Highland lodgings.
Sleep, however, was necessary.  Our Highlanders had at last found
some hay, with which the inn could not supply them.  I directed
them to bring a bundle into the room, and slept upon it in my
riding coat.  Mr. Boswell being more delicate, laid himself sheets
with hay over and under him, and lay in linen like a gentleman.



SKY.  ARMIDEL



In the morning, September the second, we found ourselves on the
edge of the sea.  Having procured a boat, we dismissed our
Highlanders, whom I would recommend to the service of any future
travellers, and were ferried over to the Isle of Sky.  We landed at
Armidel, where we were met on the sands by Sir Alexander Macdonald,
who was at that time there with his lady, preparing to leave the
island and reside at Edinburgh.

Armidel is a neat house, built where the Macdonalds had once a
seat, which was burnt in the commotions that followed the
Revolution.  The walled orchard, which belonged to the former
house, still remains.  It is well shaded by tall ash trees, of a
species, as Mr. Janes the fossilist informed me, uncommonly
valuable.  This plantation is very properly mentioned by Dr.
Campbell, in his new account of the state of Britain, and deserves
attention; because it proves that the present nakedness of the
Hebrides is not wholly the fault of Nature.

As we sat at Sir Alexander's table, we were entertained, according
to the ancient usage of the North, with the melody of the bagpipe.
Everything in those countries has its history.  As the bagpiper was
playing, an elderly Gentleman informed us, that in some remote
time, the Macdonalds of Glengary having been injured, or offended
by the inhabitants of Culloden, and resolving to have justice or
vengeance, came to Culloden on a Sunday, where finding their
enemies at worship, they shut them up in the church, which they set
on fire; and this, said he, is the tune that the piper played while
they were burning.

Narrations like this, however uncertain, deserve the notice of the
traveller, because they are the only records of a nation that has
no historians, and afford the most genuine representation of the
life and character of the ancient Highlanders.

Under the denomination of Highlander are comprehended in Scotland
all that now speak the Erse language, or retain the primitive
manners, whether they live among the mountains or in the islands;
and in that sense I use the name, when there is not some apparent
reason for making a distinction.

In Sky I first observed the use of Brogues, a kind of artless
shoes, stitched with thongs so loosely, that though they defend the
foot from stones, they do not exclude water.  Brogues were formerly
made of raw hides, with the hair inwards, and such are perhaps
still used in rude and remote parts; but they are said not to last
above two days.  Where life is somewhat improved, they are now made
of leather tanned with oak bark, as in other places, or with the
bark of birch, or roots of tormentil, a substance recommended in
defect of bark, about forty years ago, to the Irish tanners, by one
to whom the parliament of that kingdom voted a reward.  The leather
of Sky is not completely penetrated by vegetable matter, and
therefore cannot be very durable.

My inquiries about brogues, gave me an early specimen of Highland
information.  One day I was told, that to make brogues was a
domestick art, which every man practised for himself, and that a
pair of brogues was the work of an hour.  I supposed that the
husband made brogues as the wife made an apron, till next day it
was told me, that a brogue-maker was a trade, and that a pair would
cost half a crown.  It will easily occur that these representations
may both be true, and that, in some places, men may buy them, and
in others, make them for themselves; but I had both the accounts in
the same house within two days.

Many of my subsequent inquiries upon more interesting topicks ended
in the like uncertainty.  He that travels in the Highlands may
easily saturate his soul with intelligence, if he will acquiesce in
the first account.  The Highlander gives to every question an
answer so prompt and peremptory, that skepticism itself is dared
into silence, and the mind sinks before the bold reporter in
unresisting credulity; but, if a second question be ventured, it
breaks the enchantment; for it is immediately discovered, that what
was told so confidently was told at hazard, and that such
fearlessness of assertion was either the sport of negligence, or
the refuge of ignorance.

If individuals are thus at variance with themselves, it can be no
wonder that the accounts of different men are contradictory.  The
traditions of an ignorant and savage people have been for ages
negligently heard, and unskilfully related.  Distant events must
have been mingled together, and the actions of one man given to
another.  These, however, are deficiencies in story, for which no
man is now to be censured.  It were enough, if what there is yet
opportunity of examining were accurately inspected, and justly
represented; but such is the laxity of Highland conversation, that
the inquirer is kept in continual suspense, and by a kind of
intellectual retrogradation, knows less as he hears more.

In the islands the plaid is rarely worn.  The law by which the
Highlanders have been obliged to change the form of their dress,
has, in all the places that we have visited, been universally
obeyed.  I have seen only one gentleman completely clothed in the
ancient habit, and by him it was worn only occasionally and
wantonly.  The common people do not think themselves under any
legal necessity of having coats; for they say that the law against
plaids was made by Lord Hardwicke, and was in force only for his
life:  but the same poverty that made it then difficult for them to
change their clothing, hinders them now from changing it again.

The fillibeg, or lower garment, is still very common, and the
bonnet almost universal; but their attire is such as produces, in a
sufficient degree, the effect intended by the law, of abolishing
the dissimilitude of appearance between the Highlanders and the
other inhabitants of Britain; and, if dress be supposed to have
much influence, facilitates their coalition with their fellow-
subjects.

What we have long used we naturally like, and therefore the
Highlanders were unwilling to lay aside their plaid, which yet to
an unprejudiced spectator must appear an incommodious and
cumbersome dress; for hanging loose upon the body, it must flutter
in a quick motion, or require one of the hands to keep it close.
The Romans always laid aside the gown when they had anything to do.
It was a dress so unsuitable to war, that the same word which
signified a gown signified peace.  The chief use of a plaid seems
to be this, that they could commodiously wrap themselves in it,
when they were obliged to sleep without a better cover.

In our passage from Scotland to Sky, we were wet for the first time
with a shower.  This was the beginning of the Highland winter,
after which we were told that a succession of three dry days was
not to be expected for many months.  The winter of the Hebrides
consists of little more than rain and wind.  As they are surrounded
by an ocean never frozen, the blasts that come to them over the
water are too much softened to have the power of congelation.  The
salt loughs, or inlets of the sea, which shoot very far into the
island, never have any ice upon them, and the pools of fresh water
will never bear the walker.  The snow that sometimes falls, is soon
dissolved by the air, or the rain.

This is not the description of a cruel climate, yet the dark months
are here a time of great distress; because the summer can do little
more than feed itself, and winter comes with its cold and its
scarcity upon families very slenderly provided.



CORIATACHAN IN SKY



The third or fourth day after our arrival at Armidel, brought us an
invitation to the isle of Raasay, which lies east of Sky.  It is
incredible how soon the account of any event is propagated in these
narrow countries by the love of talk, which much leisure produces,
and the relief given to the mind in the penury of insular
conversation by a new topick.  The arrival of strangers at a place
so rarely visited, excites rumour, and quickens curiosity.  I know
not whether we touched at any corner, where Fame had not already
prepared us a reception.

To gain a commodious passage to Raasay, it was necessary to pass
over a large part of Sky.  We were furnished therefore with horses
and a guide.  In the Islands there are no roads, nor any marks by
which a stranger may find his way.  The horseman has always at his
side a native of the place, who, by pursuing game, or tending
cattle, or being often employed in messages or conduct, has learned
where the ridge of the hill has breadth sufficient to allow a horse
and his rider a passage, and where the moss or bog is hard enough
to bear them.  The bogs are avoided as toilsome at least, if not
unsafe, and therefore the journey is made generally from precipice
to precipice; from which if the eye ventures to look down, it sees
below a gloomy cavity, whence the rush of water is sometimes heard.

But there seems to be in all this more alarm than danger.  The
Highlander walks carefully before, and the horse, accustomed to the
ground, follows him with little deviation.  Sometimes the hill is
too steep for the horseman to keep his seat, and sometimes the moss
is too tremulous to bear the double weight of horse and man.  The
rider then dismounts, and all shift as they can.

Journies made in this manner are rather tedious than long.  A very
few miles require several hours.  From Armidel we came at night to
Coriatachan, a house very pleasantly situated between two brooks,
with one of the highest hills of the island behind it.  It is the
residence of Mr. Mackinnon, by whom we were treated with very
liberal hospitality, among a more numerous and elegant company than
it could have been supposed easy to collect.

The hill behind the house we did not climb.  The weather was rough,
and the height and steepness discouraged us.  We were told that
there is a cairne upon it.  A cairne is a heap of stones thrown
upon the grave of one eminent for dignity of birth, or splendour of
atchievements.  It is said that by digging, an urn is always found
under these cairnes:  they must therefore have been thus piled by a
people whose custom was to burn the dead.  To pile stones is, I
believe, a northern custom, and to burn the body was the Roman
practice; nor do I know when it was that these two acts of
sepulture were united.

The weather was next day too violent for the continuation of our
journey; but we had no reason to complain of the interruption.  We
saw in every place, what we chiefly desired to know, the manners of
the people.  We had company, and, if we had chosen retirement, we
might have had books.

I never was in any house of the Islands, where I did not find books
in more languages than one, if I staid long enough to want them,
except one from which the family was removed.  Literature is not
neglected by the higher rank of the Hebridians.

It need not, I suppose, be mentioned, that in countries so little
frequented as the Islands, there are no houses where travellers are
entertained for money.  He that wanders about these wilds, either
procures recommendations to those whose habitations lie near his
way, or, when night and weariness come upon him, takes the chance
of general hospitality.  If he finds only a cottage, he can expect
little more than shelter; for the cottagers have little more for
themselves:  but if his good fortune brings him to the residence of
a gentleman, he will be glad of a storm to prolong his stay.  There
is, however, one inn by the sea-side at Sconsor, in Sky, where the
post-office is kept.

At the tables where a stranger is received, neither plenty nor
delicacy is wanting.  A tract of land so thinly inhabited, must
have much wild-fowl; and I scarcely remember to have seen a dinner
without them.  The moorgame is every where to be had.  That the sea
abounds with fish, needs not be told, for it supplies a great part
of Europe.  The Isle of Sky has stags and roebucks, but no hares.
They sell very numerous droves of oxen yearly to England, and
therefore cannot be supposed to want beef at home.  Sheep and goats
are in great numbers, and they have the common domestick fowls.

But as here is nothing to be bought, every family must kill its own
meat, and roast part of it somewhat sooner than Apicius would
prescribe.  Every kind of flesh is undoubtedly excelled by the
variety and emulation of English markets; but that which is not
best may be yet very far from bad, and he that shall complain of
his fare in the Hebrides, has improved his delicacy more than his
manhood.

Their fowls are not like those plumped for sale by the poulterers
of London, but they are as good as other places commonly afford,
except that the geese, by feeding in the sea, have universally a
fishy rankness.

These geese seem to be of a middle race, between the wild and
domestick kinds.  They are so tame as to own a home, and so wild as
sometimes to fly quite away.

Their native bread is made of oats, or barley.  Of oatmeal they
spread very thin cakes, coarse and hard, to which unaccustomed
palates are not easily reconciled.  The barley cakes are thicker
and softer; I began to eat them without unwillingness; the
blackness of their colour raises some dislike, but the taste is not
disagreeable.  In most houses there is wheat flower, with which we
were sure to be treated, if we staid long enough to have it kneaded
and baked.  As neither yeast nor leaven are used among them, their
bread of every kind is unfermented.  They make only cakes, and
never mould a loaf.

A man of the Hebrides, for of the women's diet I can give no
account, as soon as he appears in the morning, swallows a glass of
whisky; yet they are not a drunken race, at least I never was
present at much intemperance; but no man is so abstemious as to
refuse the morning dram, which they call a skalk.

The word whisky signifies water, and is applied by way of eminence
to strong water, or distilled liquor.  The spirit drunk in the
North is drawn from barley.  I never tasted it, except once for
experiment at the inn in Inverary, when I thought it preferable to
any English malt brandy.  It was strong, but not pungent, and was
free from the empyreumatick taste or smell.  What was the process I
had no opportunity of inquiring, nor do I wish to improve the art
of making poison pleasant.

Not long after the dram, may be expected the breakfast, a meal in
which the Scots, whether of the lowlands or mountains, must be
confessed to excel us.  The tea and coffee are accompanied not only
with butter, but with honey, conserves, and marmalades.  If an
epicure could remove by a wish, in quest of sensual gratifications,
wherever he had supped he would breakfast in Scotland.

In the islands however, they do what I found it not very easy to
endure.  They pollute the tea-table by plates piled with large
slices of cheshire cheese, which mingles its less grateful odours
with the fragrance of the tea.

Where many questions are to be asked, some will be omitted.  I
forgot to inquire how they were supplied with so much exotic
luxury.  Perhaps the French may bring them wine for wool, and the
Dutch give them tea and coffee at the fishing season, in exchange
for fresh provision.  Their trade is unconstrained; they pay no
customs, for there is no officer to demand them; whatever therefore
is made dear only by impost, is obtained here at an easy rate.

A dinner in the Western Islands differs very little from a dinner
in England, except that in the place of tarts, there are always set
different preparations of milk.  This part of their diet will admit
some improvement.  Though they have milk, and eggs, and sugar, few
of them know how to compound them in a custard.  Their gardens
afford them no great variety, but they have always some vegetables
on the table.  Potatoes at least are never wanting, which, though
they have not known them long, are now one of the principal parts
of their food.  They are not of the mealy, but the viscous kind.

Their more elaborate cookery, or made dishes, an Englishman at the
first taste is not likely to approve, but the culinary compositions
of every country are often such as become grateful to other nations
only by degrees; though I have read a French author, who, in the
elation of his heart, says, that French cookery pleases all
foreigners, but foreign cookery never satisfies a Frenchman.

Their suppers are, like their dinners, various and plentiful.  The
table is always covered with elegant linen.  Their plates for
common use are often of that kind of manufacture which is called
cream coloured, or queen's ware.  They use silver on all occasions
where it is common in England, nor did I ever find the spoon of
horn, but in one house.

The knives are not often either very bright, or very sharp.  They
are indeed instruments of which the Highlanders have not been long
acquainted with the general use.  They were not regularly laid on
the table, before the prohibition of arms, and the change of dress.
Thirty years ago the Highlander wore his knife as a companion to
his dirk or dagger, and when the company sat down to meat, the men
who had knives, cut the flesh into small pieces for the women, who
with their fingers conveyed it to their mouths.

There was perhaps never any change of national manners so quick, so
great, and so general, as that which has operated in the Highlands,
by the last conquest, and the subsequent laws.  We came thither too
late to see what we expected, a people of peculiar appearance, and
a system of antiquated life.  The clans retain little now of their
original character, their ferocity of temper is softened, their
military ardour is extinguished, their dignity of independence is
depressed, their contempt of government subdued, and the reverence
for their chiefs abated.  Of what they had before the late conquest
of their country, there remain only their language and their
poverty.  Their language is attacked on every side.  Schools are
erected, in which English only is taught, and there were lately
some who thought it reasonable to refuse them a version of the holy
scriptures, that they might have no monument of their mother-
tongue.

That their poverty is gradually abated, cannot be mentioned among
the unpleasing consequences of subjection.  They are now acquainted
with money, and the possibility of gain will by degrees make them
industrious.  Such is the effect of the late regulations, that a
longer journey than to the Highlands must be taken by him whose
curiosity pants for savage virtues and barbarous grandeur.



RAASAY



At the first intermission of the stormy weather we were informed,
that the boat, which was to convey us to Raasay, attended us on the
coast.  We had from this time our intelligence facilitated, and our
conversation enlarged, by the company of Mr. Macqueen, minister of
a parish in Sky, whose knowledge and politeness give him a title
equally to kindness and respect, and who, from this time, never
forsook us till we were preparing to leave Sky, and the adjacent
places.

The boat was under the direction of Mr. Malcolm Macleod, a
gentleman of Raasay.  The water was calm, and the rowers were
vigorous; so that our passage was quick and pleasant.  When we came
near the island, we saw the laird's house, a neat modern fabrick,
and found Mr. Macleod, the proprietor of the Island, with many
gentlemen, expecting us on the beach.  We had, as at all other
places, some difficulty in landing.  The craggs were irregularly
broken, and a false step would have been very mischievous.

It seemed that the rocks might, with no great labour, have been
hewn almost into a regular flight of steps; and as there are no
other landing places, I considered this rugged ascent as the
consequence of a form of life inured to hardships, and therefore
not studious of nice accommodations.  But I know not whether, for
many ages, it was not considered as a part of military policy, to
keep the country not easily accessible.  The rocks are natural
fortifications, and an enemy climbing with difficulty, was easily
destroyed by those who stood high above him.

Our reception exceeded our expectations.  We found nothing but
civility, elegance, and plenty.  After the usual refreshments, and
the usual conversation, the evening came upon us.  The carpet was
then rolled off the floor; the musician was called, and the whole
company was invited to dance, nor did ever fairies trip with
greater alacrity.  The general air of festivity, which predominated
in this place, so far remote from all those regions which the mind
has been used to contemplate as the mansions of pleasure, struck
the imagination with a delightful surprise, analogous to that which
is felt at an unexpected emersion from darkness into light.

When it was time to sup, the dance ceased, and six and thirty
persons sat down to two tables in the same room.  After supper the
ladies sung Erse songs, to which I listened as an English audience
to an Italian opera, delighted with the sound of words which I did
not understand.

I inquired the subjects of the songs, and was told of one, that it
was a love song, and of another, that it was a farewell composed by
one of the Islanders that was going, in this epidemical fury of
emigration, to seek his fortune in America.  What sentiments would
arise, on such an occasion, in the heart of one who had not been
taught to lament by precedent, I should gladly have known; but the
lady, by whom I sat, thought herself not equal to the work of
translating.

Mr. Macleod is the proprietor of the islands of Raasay, Rona, and
Fladda, and possesses an extensive district in Sky.  The estate has
not, during four hundred years, gained or lost a single acre.  He
acknowledges Macleod of Dunvegan as his chief, though his ancestors
have formerly disputed the pre-eminence.

One of the old Highland alliances has continued for two hundred
years, and is still subsisting between Macleod of Raasay and
Macdonald of Sky, in consequence of which, the survivor always
inherits the arms of the deceased; a natural memorial of military
friendship.  At the death of the late Sir James Macdonald, his
sword was delivered to the present laird of Raasay.

The family of Raasay consists of the laird, the lady, three sons
and ten daughters.  For the sons there is a tutor in the house, and
the lady is said to be very skilful and diligent in the education
of her girls.  More gentleness of manners, or a more pleasing
appearance of domestick society, is not found in the most polished
countries.

Raasay is the only inhabited island in Mr. Macleod's possession.
Rona and Fladda afford only pasture for cattle, of which one
hundred and sixty winter in Rona, under the superintendence of a
solitary herdsman.

The length of Raasay is, by computation, fifteen miles, and the
breadth two.  These countries have never been measured, and the
computation by miles is negligent and arbitrary.  We observed in
travelling, that the nominal and real distance of places had very
little relation to each other.  Raasay probably contains near a
hundred square miles.  It affords not much ground, notwithstanding
its extent, either for tillage, or pasture; for it is rough, rocky,
and barren.  The cattle often perish by falling from the
precipices.  It is like the other islands, I think, generally naked
of shade, but it is naked by neglect; for the laird has an orchard,
and very large forest trees grow about his house.  Like other hilly
countries it has many rivulets.  One of the brooks turns a corn-
mill, and at least one produces trouts.

In the streams or fresh lakes of the Islands, I have never heard of
any other fish than trouts and eels.  The trouts, which I have
seen, are not large; the colour of their flesh is tinged as in
England.  Of their eels I can give no account, having never tasted
them; for I believe they are not considered as wholesome food.

It is not very easy to fix the principles upon which mankind have
agreed to eat some animals, and reject others; and as the principle
is not evident, it is not uniform.  That which is selected as
delicate in one country, is by its neighbours abhorred as
loathsome.  The Neapolitans lately refused to eat potatoes in a
famine.  An Englishman is not easily persuaded to dine on snails
with an Italian, on frogs with a Frenchman, or on horseflesh with a
Tartar.  The vulgar inhabitants of Sky, I know not whether of the
other islands, have not only eels, but pork and bacon in
abhorrence, and accordingly I never saw a hog in the Hebrides,
except one at Dunvegan.

Raasay has wild fowl in abundance, but neither deer, hares, nor
rabbits.  Why it has them not, might be asked, but that of such
questions there is no end.  Why does any nation want what it might
have?  Why are not spices transplanted to America?  Why does tea
continue to be brought from China?  Life improves but by slow
degrees, and much in every place is yet to do.  Attempts have been
made to raise roebucks in Raasay, but without effect.  The young
ones it is extremely difficult to rear, and the old can very seldom
be taken alive.

Hares and rabbits might be more easily obtained.  That they have
few or none of either in Sky, they impute to the ravage of the
foxes, and have therefore set, for some years past, a price upon
their heads, which, as the number was diminished, has been
gradually raised, from three shillings and sixpence to a guinea, a
sum so great in this part of the world, that, in a short time, Sky
may be as free from foxes, as England from wolves.  The fund for
these rewards is a tax of sixpence in the pound, imposed by the
farmers on themselves, and said to be paid with great willingness.

The beasts of prey in the Islands are foxes, otters, and weasels.
The foxes are bigger than those of England; but the otters exceed
ours in a far greater proportion.  I saw one at Armidel, of a size
much beyond that which I supposed them ever to attain; and Mr.
Maclean, the heir of Col, a man of middle stature, informed me that
he once shot an otter, of which the tail reached the ground, when
he held up the head to a level with his own.  I expected the otter
to have a foot particularly formed for the art of swimming; but
upon examination, I did not find it differing much from that of a
spaniel.  As he preys in the sea, he does little visible mischief,
and is killed only for his fur.  White otters are sometimes seen.

In Raasay they might have hares and rabbits, for they have no
foxes.  Some depredations, such as were never made before, have
caused a suspicion that a fox has been lately landed in the Island
by spite or wantonness.  This imaginary stranger has never yet been
seen, and therefore, perhaps, the mischief was done by some other
animal.  It is not likely that a creature so ungentle, whose head
could have been sold in Sky for a guinea, should be kept alive only
to gratify the malice of sending him to prey upon a neighbour:  and
the passage from Sky is wider than a fox would venture to swim,
unless he were chased by dogs into the sea, and perhaps than his
strength would enable him to cross.  How beasts of prey came into
any islands is not easy to guess.  In cold countries they take
advantage of hard winters, and travel over the ice:  but this is a
very scanty solution; for they are found where they have no
discoverable means of coming.

The corn of this island is but little.  I saw the harvest of a
small field.  The women reaped the Corn, and the men bound up the
sheaves.  The strokes of the sickle were timed by the modulation of
the harvest song, in which all their voices were united.  They
accompany in the Highlands every action, which can be done in equal
time, with an appropriated strain, which has, they say, not much
meaning; but its effects are regularity and cheerfulness.  The
ancient proceleusmatick song, by which the rowers of gallies were
animated, may be supposed to have been of this kind.  There is now
an oar-song used by the Hebridians.

The ground of Raasay seems fitter for cattle than for corn, and of
black cattle I suppose the number is very great.  The Laird himself
keeps a herd of four hundred, one hundred of which are annually
sold.  Of an extensive domain, which he holds in his own hands, he
considers the sale of cattle as repaying him the rent, and supports
the plenty of a very liberal table with the remaining product.

Raasay is supposed to have been very long inhabited.  On one side
of it they show caves, into which the rude nations of the first
ages retreated from the weather.  These dreary vaults might have
had other uses.  There is still a cavity near the house called the
oar-cave, in which the seamen, after one of those piratical
expeditions, which in rougher times were very frequent, used, as
tradition tells, to hide their oars.  This hollow was near the sea,
that nothing so necessary might be far to be fetched; and it was
secret, that enemies, if they landed, could find nothing.  Yet it
is not very evident of what use it was to hide their oars from
those, who, if they were masters of the coast, could take away
their boats.

A proof much stronger of the distance at which the first possessors
of this island lived from the present time, is afforded by the
stone heads of arrows which are very frequently picked up.  The
people call them Elf-bolts, and believe that the fairies shoot them
at the cattle.  They nearly resemble those which Mr. Banks has
lately brought from the savage countries in the Pacifick Ocean, and
must have been made by a nation to which the use of metals was
unknown.

The number of this little community has never been counted by its
ruler, nor have I obtained any positive account, consistent with
the result of political computation.  Not many years ago, the late
Laird led out one hundred men upon a military expedition.  The
sixth part of a people is supposed capable of bearing arms:  Raasay
had therefore six hundred inhabitants.  But because it is not
likely, that every man able to serve in the field would follow the
summons, or that the chief would leave his lands totally
defenceless, or take away all the hands qualified for labour, let
it be supposed, that half as many might be permitted to stay at
home.  The whole number will then be nine hundred, or nine to a
square mile; a degree of populousness greater than those tracts of
desolation can often show.  They are content with their country,
and faithful to their chiefs, and yet uninfected with the fever of
migration.

Near the house, at Raasay, is a chapel unroofed and ruinous, which
has long been used only as a place of burial.  About the churches,
in the Islands, are small squares inclosed with stone, which belong
to particular families, as repositories for the dead.  At Raasay
there is one, I think, for the proprietor, and one for some
collateral house.

It is told by Martin, that at the death of the Lady of the Island,
it has been here the custom to erect a cross.  This we found not to
be true.  The stones that stand about the chapel at a small
distance, some of which perhaps have crosses cut upon them, are
believed to have been not funeral monuments, but the ancient
boundaries of the sanctuary or consecrated ground.

Martin was a man not illiterate:  he was an inhabitant of Sky, and
therefore was within reach of intelligence, and with no great
difficulty might have visited the places which he undertakes to
describe; yet with all his opportunities, he has often suffered
himself to be deceived.  He lived in the last century, when the
chiefs of the clans had lost little of their original influence.
The mountains were yet unpenetrated, no inlet was opened to foreign
novelties, and the feudal institution operated upon life with their
full force.  He might therefore have displayed a series of
subordination and a form of government, which, in more luminous and
improved regions, have been long forgotten, and have delighted his
readers with many uncouth customs that are now disused, and wild
opinions that prevail no longer.  But he probably had not knowledge
of the world sufficient to qualify him for judging what would
deserve or gain the attention of mankind.  The mode of life which
was familiar to himself, he did not suppose unknown to others, nor
imagined that he could give pleasure by telling that of which it
was, in his little country, impossible to be ignorant.

What he has neglected cannot now be performed.  In nations, where
there is hardly the use of letters, what is once out of sight is
lost for ever.  They think but little, and of their few thoughts,
none are wasted on the past, in which they are neither interested
by fear nor hope.  Their only registers are stated observances and
practical representations.  For this reason an age of ignorance is
an age of ceremony.  Pageants, and processions, and commemorations,
gradually shrink away, as better methods come into use of recording
events, and preserving rights.

It is not only in Raasay that the chapel is unroofed and useless;
through the few islands which we visited, we neither saw nor heard
of any house of prayer, except in Sky, that was not in ruins.  The
malignant influence of Calvinism has blasted ceremony and decency
together; and if the remembrance of papal superstition is
obliterated, the monuments of papal piety are likewise effaced.

It has been, for many years, popular to talk of the lazy devotion
of the Romish clergy; over the sleepy laziness of men that erected
churches, we may indulge our superiority with a new triumph, by
comparing it with the fervid activity of those who suffer them to
fall.

Of the destruction of churches, the decay of religion must in time
be the consequence; for while the publick acts of the ministry are
now performed in houses, a very small number can be present; and as
the greater part of the Islanders make no use of books, all must
necessarily live in total ignorance who want the opportunity of
vocal instruction.

From these remains of ancient sanctity, which are every where to be
found, it has been conjectured, that, for the last two centuries,
the inhabitants of the Islands have decreased in number.  This
argument, which supposes that the churches have been suffered to
fall, only because they were no longer necessary, would have some
force, if the houses of worship still remaining were sufficient for
the people.  But since they have now no churches at all, these
venerable fragments do not prove the people of former times to have
been more numerous, but to have been more devout.  If the
inhabitants were doubled with their present principles, it appears
not that any provision for publick worship would be made.  Where
the religion of a country enforces consecrated buildings, the
number of those buildings may be supposed to afford some
indication, however uncertain, of the populousness of the place;
but where by a change of manners a nation is contented to live
without them, their decay implies no diminution of inhabitants.

Some of these dilapidations are said to be found in islands now
uninhabited; but I doubt whether we can thence infer that they were
ever peopled.  The religion of the middle age, is well known to
have placed too much hope in lonely austerities.  Voluntary
solitude was the great act of propitiation, by which crimes were
effaced, and conscience was appeased; it is therefore not unlikely,
that oratories were often built in places where retirement was sure
to have no disturbance.

Raasay has little that can detain a traveller, except the Laird and
his family; but their power wants no auxiliaries.  Such a seat of
hospitality, amidst the winds and waters, fills the imagination
with a delightful contrariety of images.  Without is the rough
ocean and the rocky land, the beating billows and the howling
storm:  within is plenty and elegance, beauty and gaiety, the song
and the dance.  In Raasay, if I could have found an Ulysses, I had
fancied a Phoeacia.



DUNVEGAN



At Raasay, by good fortune, Macleod, so the chief of the clan is
called, was paying a visit, and by him we were invited to his seat
at Dunvegan.  Raasay has a stout boat, built in Norway, in which,
with six oars, he conveyed us back to Sky.  We landed at Port Re,
so called, because James the Fifth of Scotland, who had curiosity
to visit the Islands, came into it.  The port is made by an inlet
of the sea, deep and narrow, where a ship lay waiting to dispeople
Sky, by carrying the natives away to America.

In coasting Sky, we passed by the cavern in which it was the
custom, as Martin relates, to catch birds in the night, by making a
fire at the entrance.  This practice is disused; for the birds, as
is known often to happen, have changed their haunts.

Here we dined at a publick house, I believe the only inn of the
island, and having mounted our horses, travelled in the manner
already described, till we came to Kingsborough, a place
distinguished by that name, because the King lodged here when he
landed at Port Re.  We were entertained with the usual hospitality
by Mr. Macdonald and his lady, Flora Macdonald, a name that will be
mentioned in history, and if courage and fidelity be virtues,
mentioned with honour.  She is a woman of middle stature, soft
features, gentle manners, and elegant presence.

In the morning we sent our horses round a promontory to meet us,
and spared ourselves part of the day's fatigue, by crossing an arm
of the sea.  We had at last some difficulty in coming to Dunvegan;
for our way led over an extensive moor, where every step was to be
taken with caution, and we were often obliged to alight, because
the ground could not be trusted.  In travelling this watery flat, I
perceived that it had a visible declivity, and might without much
expence or difficulty be drained.  But difficulty and expence are
relative terms, which have different meanings in different places.

To Dunvegan we came, very willing to be at rest, and found our
fatigue amply recompensed by our reception.  Lady Macleod, who had
lived many years in England, was newly come hither with her son and
four daughters, who knew all the arts of southern elegance, and all
the modes of English economy.  Here therefore we settled, and did
not spoil the present hour with thoughts of departure.

Dunvegan is a rocky prominence, that juts out into a bay, on the
west side of Sky.  The house, which is the principal seat of
Macleod, is partly old and partly modern; it is built upon the
rock, and looks upon the water.  It forms two sides of a small
square:  on the third side is the skeleton of a castle of unknown
antiquity, supposed to have been a Norwegian fortress, when the
Danes were masters of the Islands.  It is so nearly entire, that it
might have easily been made habitable, were there not an ominous
tradition in the family, that the owner shall not long outlive the
reparation.  The grandfather of the present Laird, in defiance of
prediction, began the work, but desisted in a little time, and
applied his money to worse uses.

As the inhabitants of the Hebrides lived, for many ages, in
continual expectation of hostilities, the chief of every clan
resided in a fortress.  This house was accessible only from the
water, till the last possessor opened an entrance by stairs upon
the land.

They had formerly reason to be afraid, not only of declared wars
and authorized invaders, or of roving pirates, which, in the
northern seas, must have been very common; but of inroads and
insults from rival clans, who, in the plenitude of feudal
independence, asked no leave of their Sovereign to make war on one
another.  Sky has been ravaged by a feud between the two mighty
powers of Macdonald and Macleod.  Macdonald having married a
Macleod upon some discontent dismissed her, perhaps because she had
brought him no children.  Before the reign of James the Fifth, a
Highland Laird made a trial of his wife for a certain time, and if
she did not please him, he was then at liberty to send her away.
This however must always have offended, and Macleod resenting the
injury, whatever were its circumstances, declared, that the wedding
had been solemnized without a bonfire, but that the separation
should be better illuminated; and raising a little army, set fire
to the territories of Macdonald, who returned the visit, and
prevailed.

Another story may show the disorderly state of insular
neighbourhood.  The inhabitants of the Isle of Egg, meeting a boat
manned by Macleods, tied the crew hand and foot, and set them a-
drift.  Macleod landed upon Egg, and demanded the offenders; but
the inhabitants refusing to surrender them, retreated to a cavern,
into which they thought their enemies unlikely to follow them.
Macleod choked them with smoke, and left them lying dead by
families as they stood.

Here the violence of the weather confined us for some time, not at
all to our discontent or inconvenience.  We would indeed very
willingly have visited the Islands, which might be seen from the
house scattered in the sea, and I was particularly desirous to have
viewed Isay; but the storms did not permit us to launch a boat, and
we were condemned to listen in idleness to the wind, except when we
were better engaged by listening to the ladies.

We had here more wind than waves, and suffered the severity of a
tempest, without enjoying its magnificence.  The sea being broken
by the multitude of islands, does not roar with so much noise, nor
beat the shore with such foamy violence, as I have remarked on the
coast of Sussex.  Though, while I was in the Hebrides, the wind was
extremely turbulent, I never saw very high billows.

The country about Dunvegan is rough and barren.  There are no
trees, except in the orchard, which is a low sheltered spot
surrounded with a wall.

When this house was intended to sustain a siege, a well was made in
the court, by boring the rock downwards, till water was found,
which though so near to the sea, I have not heard mentioned as
brackish, though it has some hardness, or other qualities, which
make it less fit for use; and the family is now better supplied
from a stream, which runs by the rock, from two pleasing water-
falls.

Here we saw some traces of former manners, and heard some standing
traditions.  In the house is kept an ox's horn, hollowed so as to
hold perhaps two quarts, which the heir of Macleod was expected to
swallow at one draught, as a test of his manhood, before he was
permitted to bear arms, or could claim a seat among the men.  It is
held that the return of the Laird to Dunvegan, after any
considerable absence, produces a plentiful capture of herrings; and
that, if any woman crosses the water to the opposite Island, the
herrings will desert the coast.  Boetius tells the same of some
other place.  This tradition is not uniform.  Some hold that no
woman may pass, and others that none may pass but a Macleod.

Among other guests, which the hospitality of Dunvegan brought to
the table, a visit was paid by the Laird and Lady of a small island
south of Sky, of which the proper name is Muack, which signifies
swine.  It is commonly called Muck, which the proprietor not
liking, has endeavoured, without effect, to change to Monk.  It is
usual to call gentlemen in Scotland by the name of their
possessions, as Raasay, Bernera, Loch Buy, a practice necessary in
countries inhabited by clans, where all that live in the same
territory have one name, and must be therefore discriminated by
some addition.  This gentleman, whose name, I think, is Maclean,
should be regularly called Muck; but the appellation, which he
thinks too coarse for his Island, he would like still less for
himself, and he is therefore addressed by the title of, Isle of
Muck.

This little Island, however it be named, is of considerable value.
It is two English miles long, and three quarters of a mile broad,
and consequently contains only nine hundred and sixty English
acres.  It is chiefly arable.  Half of this little dominion the
Laird retains in his own hand, and on the other half, live one
hundred and sixty persons, who pay their rent by exported corn.
What rent they pay, we were not told, and could not decently
inquire.  The proportion of the people to the land is such, as the
most fertile countries do not commonly maintain.

The Laird having all his people under his immediate view, seems to
be very attentive to their happiness.  The devastation of the
small-pox, when it visits places where it comes seldom, is well
known.  He has disarmed it of its terrour at Muack, by inoculating
eighty of his people.  The expence was two shillings and sixpence a
head.  Many trades they cannot have among them, but upon occasion,
he fetches a smith from the Isle of Egg, and has a tailor from the
main land, six times a year.  This island well deserved to be seen,
but the Laird's absence left us no opportunity.

Every inhabited island has its appendant and subordinate islets.
Muck, however small, has yet others smaller about it, one of which
has only ground sufficient to afford pasture for three wethers.

At Dunvegan I had tasted lotus, and was in danger of forgetting
that I was ever to depart, till Mr. Boswell sagely reproached me
with my sluggishness and softness.  I had no very forcible defence
to make; and we agreed to pursue our journey.  Macleod accompanied
us to Ulinish, where we were entertained by the sheriff of the
Island.



ULINISH



Mr. Macqueen travelled with us, and directed our attention to all
that was worthy of observation.  With him we went to see an ancient
building, called a dun or borough.  It was a circular inclosure,
about forty-two feet in diameter, walled round with loose stones,
perhaps to the height of nine feet.  The walls were very thick,
diminishing a little toward the top, and though in these countries,
stone is not brought far, must have been raised with much labour.
Within the great circle were several smaller rounds of wall, which
formed distinct apartments.  Its date, and its use are unknown.
Some suppose it the original seat of the chiefs of the Macleods.
Mr. Macqueen thought it a Danish fort.

The entrance is covered with flat stones, and is narrow, because it
was necessary that the stones which lie over it, should reach from
one wall to the other; yet, strait as the passage is, they seem
heavier than could have been placed where they now lie, by the
naked strength of as many men as might stand about them.  They were
probably raised by putting long pieces of wood under them, to which
the action of a long line of lifters might be applied.  Savages, in
all countries, have patience proportionate to their unskilfulness,
and are content to attain their end by very tedious methods.

If it was ever roofed, it might once have been a dwelling, but as
there is no provision for water, it could not have been a fortress.
In Sky, as in every other place, there is an ambition of exalting
whatever has survived memory, to some important use, and referring
it to very remote ages.  I am inclined to suspect, that in lawless
times, when the inhabitants of every mountain stole the cattle of
their neighbour, these inclosures were used to secure the herds and
flocks in the night.  When they were driven within the wall, they
might be easily watched, and defended as long as could be needful;
for the robbers durst not wait till the injured clan should find
them in the morning.

The interior inclosures, if the whole building were once a house,
were the chambers of the chief inhabitants.  If it was a place of
security for cattle, they were probably the shelters of the
keepers.

From the Dun we were conducted to another place of security, a cave
carried a great way under ground, which had been discovered by
digging after a fox.  These caves, of which many have been found,
and many probably remain concealed, are formed, I believe, commonly
by taking advantage of a hollow, where banks or rocks rise on
either side.  If no such place can be found, the ground must be cut
away.  The walls are made by piling stones against the earth, on
either side.  It is then roofed by larger stones laid across the
cavern, which therefore cannot be wide.  Over the roof, turfs were
placed, and grass was suffered to grow; and the mouth was concealed
by bushes, or some other cover.

These caves were represented to us as the cabins of the first rude
inhabitants, of which, however, I am by no means persuaded.  This
was so low, that no man could stand upright in it.  By their
construction they are all so narrow, that two can never pass along
them together, and being subterraneous, they must be always damp.
They are not the work of an age much ruder than the present; for
they are formed with as much art as the construction of a common
hut requires.  I imagine them to have been places only of
occasional use, in which the Islander, upon a sudden alarm, hid his
utensils, or his cloaths, and perhaps sometimes his wife and
children.

This cave we entered, but could not proceed the whole length, and
went away without knowing how far it was carried.  For this
omission we shall be blamed, as we perhaps have blamed other
travellers; but the day was rainy, and the ground was damp.  We had
with us neither spades nor pickaxes, and if love of ease surmounted
our desire of knowledge, the offence has not the invidiousness of
singularity.

Edifices, either standing or ruined, are the chief records of an
illiterate nation.  In some part of this journey, at no great
distance from our way, stood a shattered fortress, of which the
learned minister, to whose communication we are much indebted, gave
us an account.

Those, said he, are the walls of a place of refuge, built in the
time of James the Sixth, by Hugh Macdonald, who was next heir to
the dignity and fortune of his chief.  Hugh, being so near his
wish, was impatient of delay; and had art and influence sufficient
to engage several gentlemen in a plot against the Laird's life.
Something must be stipulated on both sides; for they would not dip
their hands in blood merely for Hugh's advancement.  The compact
was formerly written, signed by the conspirators, and placed in the
hands of one Macleod.

It happened that Macleod had sold some cattle to a drover, who, not
having ready money, gave him a bond for payment.  The debt was
discharged, and the bond re-demanded; which Macleod, who could not
read, intending to put into his hands, gave him the conspiracy.
The drover, when he had read the paper, delivered it privately to
Macdonald; who, being thus informed of his danger, called his
friends together, and provided for his safety.  He made a public
feast, and inviting Hugh Macdonald and his confederates, placed
each of them at the table between two men of known fidelity.  The
compact of conspiracy was then shewn, and every man confronted with
his own name.  Macdonald acted with great moderation.  He upbraided
Hugh, both with disloyalty and ingratitude; but told the rest, that
he considered them as men deluded and misinformed.  Hugh was sworn
to fidelity, and dismissed with his companions; but he was not
generous enough to be reclaimed by lenity; and finding no longer
any countenance among the gentlemen, endeavoured to execute the
same design by meaner hands.  In this practice he was detected,
taken to Macdonald's castle, and imprisoned in the dungeon.  When
he was hungry, they let down a plentiful meal of salted meat; and
when, after his repast, he called for drink, conveyed to him a
covered cup, which, when he lifted the lid, he found empty.  From
that time they visited him no more, but left him to perish in
solitude and darkness.

We were then told of a cavern by the sea-side, remarkable for the
powerful reverberation of sounds.  After dinner we took a boat, to
explore this curious cavity.  The boatmen, who seemed to be of a
rank above that of common drudges, inquired who the strangers were,
and being told we came one from Scotland, and the other from
England, asked if the Englishman could recount a long genealogy.
What answer was given them, the conversation being in Erse, I was
not much inclined to examine.

They expected no good event of the voyage; for one of them declared
that he heard the cry of an English ghost.  This omen I was not
told till after our return, and therefore cannot claim the dignity
of despising it.

The sea was smooth.  We never left the shore, and came without any
disaster to the cavern, which we found rugged and misshapen, about
one hundred and eighty feet long, thirty wide in the broadest part,
and in the loftiest, as we guessed, about thirty high.  It was now
dry, but at high water the sea rises in it near six feet.  Here I
saw what I had never seen before, limpets and mussels in their
natural state.  But, as a new testimony to the veracity of common
fame, here was no echo to be heard.

We then walked through a natural arch in the rock, which might have
pleased us by its novelty, had the stones, which incumbered our
feet, given us leisure to consider it.  We were shown the gummy
seed of the kelp, that fastens itself to a stone, from which it
grows into a strong stalk.

In our return, we found a little boy upon the point of rock,
catching with his angle, a supper for the family.  We rowed up to
him, and borrowed his rod, with which Mr. Boswell caught a cuddy.

The cuddy is a fish of which I know not the philosophical name.  It
is not much bigger than a gudgeon, but is of great use in these
Islands, as it affords the lower people both food, and oil for
their lamps.  Cuddies are so abundant, at sometimes of the year,
that they are caught like whitebait in the Thames, only by dipping
a basket and drawing it back.

If it were always practicable to fish, these Islands could never be
in much danger from famine; but unhappily in the winter, when other
provision fails, the seas are commonly too rough for nets, or
boats.



TALISKER IN SKY



From Ulinish, our next stage was to Talisker, the house of colonel
Macleod, an officer in the Dutch service, who, in this time of
universal peace, has for several years been permitted to be absent
from his regiment.  Having been bred to physick, he is consequently
a scholar, and his lady, by accompanying him in his different
places of residence, is become skilful in several languages.
Talisker is the place beyond all that I have seen, from which the
gay and the jovial seem utterly excluded; and where the hermit
might expect to grow old in meditation, without possibility of
disturbance or interruption.  It is situated very near the sea, but
upon a coast where no vessel lands but when it is driven by a
tempest on the rocks.  Towards the land are lofty hills streaming
with water-falls.  The garden is sheltered by firs or pines, which
grow there so prosperously, that some, which the present inhabitant
planted, are very high and thick.

At this place we very happily met Mr. Donald Maclean, a young
gentleman, the eldest son of the Laird of Col, heir to a very great
extent of land, and so desirous of improving his inheritance, that
he spent a considerable time among the farmers of Hertfordshire,
and Hampshire, to learn their practice.  He worked with his own
hands at the principal operations of agriculture, that he might not
deceive himself by a false opinion of skill, which, if he should
find it deficient at home, he had no means of completing.  If the
world has agreed to praise the travels and manual labours of the
Czar of Muscovy, let Col have his share of the like applause, in
the proportion of his dominions to the empire of Russia.

This young gentleman was sporting in the mountains of Sky, and when
he was weary with following his game, repaired for lodging to
Talisker.  At night he missed one of his dogs, and when he went to
seek him in the morning, found two eagles feeding on his carcass.

Col, for he must be named by his possessions, hearing that our
intention was to visit Jona, offered to conduct us to his chief,
Sir Allan Maclean, who lived in the isle of Inch Kenneth, and would
readily find us a convenient passage.  From this time was formed an
acquaintance, which being begun by kindness, was accidentally
continued by constraint; we derived much pleasure from it, and I
hope have given him no reason to repent it.

The weather was now almost one continued storm, and we were to
snatch some happy intermission to be conveyed to Mull, the third
Island of the Hebrides, lying about a degree south of Sky, whence
we might easily find our way to Inch Kenneth, where Sir Allan
Maclean resided, and afterward to Jona.

For this purpose, the most commodious station that we could take
was Armidel, which Sir Alexander Macdonald had now left to a
gentleman, who lived there as his factor or steward.

In our way to Armidel was Coriatachan, where we had already been,
and to which therefore we were very willing to return.  We staid
however so long at Talisker, that a great part of our journey was
performed in the gloom of the evening.  In travelling even thus
almost without light thro' naked solitude, when there is a guide
whose conduct may be trusted, a mind not naturally too much
disposed to fear, may preserve some degree of cheerfulness; but
what must be the solicitude of him who should be wandering, among
the craggs and hollows, benighted, ignorant, and alone?

The fictions of the Gothick romances were not so remote from
credibility as they are now thought.  In the full prevalence of the
feudal institution, when violence desolated the world, and every
baron lived in a fortress, forests and castles were regularly
succeeded by each other, and the adventurer might very suddenly
pass from the gloom of woods, or the ruggedness of moors, to seats
of plenty, gaiety, and magnificence.  Whatever is imaged in the
wildest tale, if giants, dragons, and enchantment be excepted,
would be felt by him, who, wandering in the mountains without a
guide, or upon the sea without a pilot, should be carried amidst
his terror and uncertainty, to the hospitality and elegance of
Raasay or Dunvegan.

To Coriatachan at last we came, and found ourselves welcomed as
before.  Here we staid two days, and made such inquiries as
curiosity suggested.  The house was filled with company, among whom
Mr. Macpherson and his sister distinguished themselves by their
politeness and accomplishments.  By him we were invited to Ostig, a
house not far from Armidel, where we might easily hear of a boat,
when the weather would suffer us to leave the Island.



OSTIG IN SKY



At Ostig, of which Mr. Macpherson is minister, we were entertained
for some days, then removed to Armidel, where we finished our
observations on the island of Sky.

As this Island lies in the fifty-seventh degree, the air cannot be
supposed to have much warmth.  The long continuance of the sun
above the horizon, does indeed sometimes produce great heat in
northern latitudes; but this can only happen in sheltered places,
where the atmosphere is to a certain degree stagnant, and the same
mass of air continues to receive for many hours the rays of the
sun, and the vapours of the earth.  Sky lies open on the west and
north to a vast extent of ocean, and is cooled in the summer by
perpetual ventilation, but by the same blasts is kept warm in
winter.  Their weather is not pleasing.  Half the year is deluged
with rain.  From the autumnal to the vernal equinox, a dry day is
hardly known, except when the showers are suspended by a tempest.
Under such skies can be expected no great exuberance of vegetation.
Their winter overtakes their summer, and their harvest lies upon
the ground drenched with rain.  The autumn struggles hard to
produce some of our early fruits.  I gathered gooseberries in
September; but they were small, and the husk was thick.

Their winter is seldom such as puts a full stop to the growth of
plants, or reduces the cattle to live wholly on the surplusage of
the summer.  In the year Seventy-one they had a severe season,
remembered by the name of the Black Spring, from which the island
has not yet recovered.  The snow lay long upon the ground, a
calamity hardly known before.  Part of their cattle died for want,
part were unseasonably sold to buy sustenance for the owners; and,
what I have not read or heard of before, the kine that survived
were so emaciated and dispirited, that they did not require the
male at the usual time.  Many of the roebucks perished.

The soil, as in other countries, has its diversities.  In some
parts there is only a thin layer of earth spread upon a rock, which
bears nothing but short brown heath, and perhaps is not generally
capable of any better product.  There are many bogs or mosses of
greater or less extent, where the soil cannot be supposed to want
depth, though it is too wet for the plow.  But we did not observe
in these any aquatick plants.  The vallies and the mountains are
alike darkened with heath.  Some grass, however, grows here and
there, and some happier spots of earth are capable of tillage.

Their agriculture is laborious, and perhaps rather feeble than
unskilful.  Their chief manure is seaweed, which, when they lay it
to rot upon the field, gives them a better crop than those of the
Highlands.  They heap sea shells upon the dunghill, which in time
moulder into a fertilising substance.  When they find a vein of
earth where they cannot use it, they dig it up, and add it to the
mould of a more commodious place.

Their corn grounds often lie in such intricacies among the craggs,
that there is no room for the action of a team and plow.  The soil
is then turned up by manual labour, with an instrument called a
crooked spade, of a form and weight which to me appeared very
incommodious, and would perhaps be soon improved in a country where
workmen could be easily found and easily paid.  It has a narrow
blade of iron fixed to a long and heavy piece of wood, which must
have, about a foot and a half above the iron, a knee or flexure
with the angle downwards.  When the farmer encounters a stone which
is the great impediment of his operations, he drives the blade
under it, and bringing the knee or angle to the ground, has in the
long handle a very forcible lever.

According to the different mode of tillage, farms are distinguished
into long land and short land.  Long land is that which affords
room for a plow, and short land is turned up by the spade.

The grain which they commit to the furrows thus tediously formed,
is either oats or barley.  They do not sow barley without very
copious manure, and then they expect from it ten for one, an
increase equal to that of better countries; but the culture is so
operose that they content themselves commonly with oats; and who
can relate without compassion, that after all their diligence they
are to expect only a triple increase?  It is in vain to hope for
plenty, when a third part of the harvest must be reserved for seed.

When their grain is arrived at the state which they must consider
as ripeness, they do not cut, but pull the barley:  to the oats
they apply the sickle.  Wheel carriages they have none, but make a
frame of timber, which is drawn by one horse with the two points
behind pressing on the ground.  On this they sometimes drag home
their sheaves, but often convey them home in a kind of open panier,
or frame of sticks upon the horse's back.

Of that which is obtained with so much difficulty, nothing surely
ought to be wasted; yet their method of clearing their oats from
the husk is by parching them in the straw.  Thus with the genuine
improvidence of savages, they destroy that fodder for want of which
their cattle may perish.  From this practice they have two petty
conveniences.  They dry the grain so that it is easily reduced to
meal, and they escape the theft of the thresher.  The taste
contracted from the fire by the oats, as by every other scorched
substance, use must long ago have made grateful.  The oats that are
not parched must be dried in a kiln.

The barns of Sky I never saw.  That which Macleod of Raasay had
erected near his house was so contrived, because the harvest is
seldom brought home dry, as by perpetual perflation to prevent the
mow from heating.

Of their gardens I can judge only from their tables.  I did not
observe that the common greens were wanting, and suppose, that by
choosing an advantageous exposition, they can raise all the more
hardy esculent plants.  Of vegetable fragrance or beauty they are
not yet studious.  Few vows are made to Flora in the Hebrides.

They gather a little hay, but the grass is mown late; and is so
often almost dry and again very wet, before it is housed, that it
becomes a collection of withered stalks without taste or fragrance;
it must be eaten by cattle that have nothing else, but by most
English farmers would be thrown away.

In the Islands I have not heard that any subterraneous treasures
have been discovered, though where there are mountains, there are
commonly minerals.  One of the rocks in Col has a black vein,
imagined to consist of the ore of lead; but it was never yet opened
or essayed.  In Sky a black mass was accidentally picked up, and
brought into the house of the owner of the land, who found himself
strongly inclined to think it a coal, but unhappily it did not burn
in the chimney.  Common ores would be here of no great value; for
what requires to be separated by fire, must, if it were found, be
carried away in its mineral state, here being no fewel for the
smelting-house or forge.  Perhaps by diligent search in this world
of stone, some valuable species of marble might be discovered.  But
neither philosophical curiosity, nor commercial industry, have yet
fixed their abode here, where the importunity of immediate want
supplied but for the day, and craving on the morrow, has left
little room for excursive knowledge or the pleasing fancies of
distant profit.

They have lately found a manufacture considerably lucrative.  Their
rocks abound with kelp, a sea-plant, of which the ashes are melted
into glass.  They burn kelp in great quantities, and then send it
away in ships, which come regularly to purchase them.  This new
source of riches has raised the rents of many maritime farms; but
the tenants pay, like all other tenants, the additional rent with
great unwillingness; because they consider the profits of the kelp
as the mere product of personal labour, to which the landlord
contributes nothing.  However, as any man may be said to give, what
he gives the power of gaining, he has certainly as much right to
profit from the price of kelp as of any thing else found or raised
upon his ground.

This new trade has excited a long and eager litigation between
Macdonald and Macleod, for a ledge of rocks, which, till the value
of kelp was known, neither of them desired the reputation of
possessing.

The cattle of Sky are not so small as is commonly believed.  Since
they have sent their beeves in great numbers to southern marts,
they have probably taken more care of their breed.  At stated times
the annual growth of cattle is driven to a fair, by a general
drover, and with the money, which he returns to the farmer, the
rents are paid.

The price regularly expected, is from two to three pounds a head:
there was once one sold for five pounds.  They go from the Islands
very lean, and are not offered to the butcher, till they have been
long fatted in English pastures.

Of their black cattle, some are without horns, called by the Scots
humble cows, as we call a bee an humble bee, that wants a sting.
Whether this difference be specifick, or accidental, though we
inquired with great diligence, we could not be informed.  We are
not very sure that the bull is ever without horns, though we have
been told, that such bulls there are.  What is produced by putting
a horned and unhorned male and female together, no man has ever
tried, that thought the result worthy of observation.

Their horses are, like their cows, of a moderate size.  I had no
difficulty to mount myself commodiously by the favour of the
gentlemen.  I heard of very little cows in Barra, and very little
horses in Rum, where perhaps no care is taken to prevent that
diminution of size, which must always happen, where the greater and
the less copulate promiscuously, and the young animal is restrained
from growth by penury of sustenance.

The goat is the general inhabitant of the earth, complying with
every difference of climate, and of soil.  The goats of the
Hebrides are like others:  nor did I hear any thing of their sheep,
to be particularly remarked.

In the penury of these malignant regions, nothing is left that can
be converted to food.  The goats and the sheep are milked like the
cows.  A single meal of a goat is a quart, and of a sheep a pint.
Such at least was the account, which I could extract from those of
whom I am not sure that they ever had inquired.

The milk of goats is much thinner than that of cows, and that of
sheep is much thicker.  Sheeps milk is never eaten before it is
boiled:  as it is thick, it must be very liberal of curd, and the
people of St. Kilda form it into small cheeses.

The stags of the mountains are less than those of our parks, or
forests, perhaps not bigger than our fallow deer.  Their flesh has
no rankness, nor is inferiour in flavour to our common venison.
The roebuck I neither saw nor tasted.  These are not countries for
a regular chase.  The deer are not driven with horns and hounds.  A
sportsman, with his gun in his hand, watches the animal, and when
he has wounded him, traces him by the blood.

They have a race of brinded greyhounds, larger and stronger than
those with which we course hares, and those are the only dogs used
by them for the chase.

Man is by the use of fire-arms made so much an overmatch for other
animals, that in all countries, where they are in use, the wild
part of the creation sensibly diminishes.  There will probably not
be long, either stags or roebucks in the Islands.  All the beasts
of chase would have been lost long ago in countries well inhabited,
had they not been preserved by laws for the pleasure of the rich.

There are in Sky neither rats nor mice, but the weasel is so
frequent, that he is heard in houses rattling behind chests or
beds, as rats in England.  They probably owe to his predominance
that they have no other vermin; for since the great rat took
possession of this part of the world, scarce a ship can touch at
any port, but some of his race are left behind.  They have within
these few years began to infest the isle of Col, where being left
by some trading vessel, they have increased for want of weasels to
oppose them.

The inhabitants of Sky, and of the other Islands, which I have
seen, are commonly of the middle stature, with fewer among them
very tall or very short, than are seen in England, or perhaps, as
their numbers are small, the chances of any deviation from the
common measure are necessarily few.  The tallest men that I saw are
among those of higher rank.  In regions of barrenness and scarcity,
the human race is hindered in its growth by the same causes as
other animals.

The ladies have as much beauty here as in other places, but bloom
and softness are not to be expected among the lower classes, whose
faces are exposed to the rudeness of the climate, and whose
features are sometimes contracted by want, and sometimes hardened
by the blasts.  Supreme beauty is seldom found in cottages or work-
shops, even where no real hardships are suffered.  To expand the
human face to its full perfection, it seems necessary that the mind
should co-operate by placidness of content, or consciousness of
superiority.

Their strength is proportionate to their size, but they are
accustomed to run upon rough ground, and therefore can with great
agility skip over the bog, or clamber the mountain.  For a campaign
in the wastes of America, soldiers better qualified could not have
been found.  Having little work to do, they are not willing, nor
perhaps able to endure a long continuance of manual labour, and are
therefore considered as habitually idle.

Having never been supplied with those accommodations, which life
extensively diversified with trades affords, they supply their
wants by very insufficient shifts, and endure many inconveniences,
which a little attention would easily relieve.  I have seen a horse
carrying home the harvest on a crate.  Under his tail was a stick
for a crupper, held at the two ends by twists of straw.  Hemp will
grow in their islands, and therefore ropes may be had.  If they
wanted hemp, they might make better cordage of rushes, or perhaps
of nettles, than of straw.

Their method of life neither secures them perpetual health, nor
exposes them to any particular diseases.  There are physicians in
the Islands, who, I believe, all practise chirurgery, and all
compound their own medicines.

It is generally supposed, that life is longer in places where there
are few opportunities of luxury; but I found no instance here of
extraordinary longevity.  A cottager grows old over his oaten
cakes, like a citizen at a turtle feast.  He is indeed seldom
incommoded by corpulence.  Poverty preserves him from sinking under
the burden of himself, but he escapes no other injury of time.
Instances of long life are often related, which those who hear them
are more willing to credit than examine.  To be told that any man
has attained a hundred years, gives hope and comfort to him who
stands trembling on the brink of his own climacterick.

Length of life is distributed impartially to very different modes
of life in very different climates; and the mountains have no
greater examples of age and health than the low lands, where I was
introduced to two ladies of high quality; one of whom, in her
ninety-fourth year, presided at her table with the full exercise of
all her powers; and the other has attained her eighty-fourth,
without any diminution of her vivacity, and with little reason to
accuse time of depredations on her beauty.

In the Islands, as in most other places, the inhabitants are of
different rank, and one does not encroach here upon another.  Where
there is no commerce nor manufacture, he that is born poor can
scarcely become rich; and if none are able to buy estates, he that
is born to land cannot annihilate his family by selling it.  This
was once the state of these countries.  Perhaps there is no
example, till within a century and half, of any family whose estate
was alienated otherwise than by violence or forfeiture.  Since
money has been brought amongst them, they have found, like others,
the art of spending more than they receive; and I saw with grief
the chief of a very ancient clan, whose Island was condemned by law
to be sold for the satisfaction of his creditors.

The name of highest dignity is Laird, of which there are in the
extensive Isle of Sky only three, Macdonald, Macleod, and
Mackinnon.  The Laird is the original owner of the land, whose
natural power must be very great, where no man lives but by
agriculture; and where the produce of the land is not conveyed
through the labyrinths of traffick, but passes directly from the
hand that gathers it to the mouth that eats it.  The Laird has all
those in his power that live upon his farms.  Kings can, for the
most part, only exalt or degrade.  The Laird at pleasure can feed
or starve, can give bread, or withold it.  This inherent power was
yet strengthened by the kindness of consanguinity, and the
reverence of patriarchal authority.  The Laird was the father of
the Clan, and his tenants commonly bore his name.  And to these
principles of original command was added, for many ages, an
exclusive right of legal jurisdiction.

This multifarious, and extensive obligation operated with force
scarcely credible.  Every duty, moral or political, was absorbed in
affection and adherence to the Chief.  Not many years have passed
since the clans knew no law but the Laird's will.  He told them to
whom they should be friends or enemies, what King they should obey,
and what religion they should profess.

When the Scots first rose in arms against the succession of the
house of Hanover, Lovat, the Chief of the Frasers, was in exile for
a rape.  The Frasers were very numerous, and very zealous against
the government.  A pardon was sent to Lovat.  He came to the
English camp, and the clan immediately deserted to him.

Next in dignity to the Laird is the Tacksman; a large taker or
lease-holder of land, of which he keeps part, as a domain, in his
own hand, and lets part to under tenants.  The Tacksman is
necessarily a man capable of securing to the Laird the whole rent,
and is commonly a collateral relation.  These tacks, or subordinate
possessions, were long considered as hereditary, and the occupant
was distinguished by the name of the place at which he resided.  He
held a middle station, by which the highest and the lowest orders
were connected.  He paid rent and reverence to the Laird, and
received them from the tenants.  This tenure still subsists, with
its original operation, but not with the primitive stability.
Since the islanders, no longer content to live, have learned the
desire of growing rich, an ancient dependent is in danger of giving
way to a higher bidder, at the expense of domestick dignity and
hereditary power.  The stranger, whose money buys him preference,
considers himself as paying for all that he has, and is indifferent
about the Laird's honour or safety.  The commodiousness of money is
indeed great; but there are some advantages which money cannot buy,
and which therefore no wise man will by the love of money be
tempted to forego.

I have found in the hither parts of Scotland, men not defective in
judgment or general experience, who consider the Tacksman as a
useless burden of the ground, as a drone who lives upon the product
of an estate, without the right of property, or the merit of
labour, and who impoverishes at once the landlord and the tenant.
The land, say they, is let to the Tacksman at six-pence an acre,
and by him to the tenant at ten-pence.  Let the owner be the
immediate landlord to all the tenants; if he sets the ground at
eight-pence, he will increase his revenue by a fourth part, and the
tenant's burthen will be diminished by a fifth.

Those who pursue this train of reasoning, seem not sufficiently to
inquire whither it will lead them, nor to know that it will equally
shew the propriety of suppressing all wholesale trade, of shutting
up the shops of every man who sells what he does not make, and of
extruding all whose agency and profit intervene between the
manufacturer and the consumer.  They may, by stretching their
understandings a little wider, comprehend, that all those who by
undertaking large quantities of manufacture, and affording
employment to many labourers, make themselves considered as
benefactors to the publick, have only been robbing their workmen
with one hand, and their customers with the other.  If Crowley had
sold only what he could make, and all his smiths had wrought their
own iron with their own hammers, he would have lived on less, and
they would have sold their work for more.  The salaries of
superintendents and clerks would have been partly saved, and partly
shared, and nails been sometimes cheaper by a farthing in a
hundred.  But then if the smith could not have found an immediate
purchaser, he must have deserted his anvil; if there had by
accident at any time been more sellers than buyers, the workmen
must have reduced their profit to nothing, by underselling one
another; and as no great stock could have been in any hand, no
sudden demand of large quantities could have been answered and the
builder must have stood still till the nailer could supply him.

According to these schemes, universal plenty is to begin and end in
universal misery.  Hope and emulation will be utterly extinguished;
and as all must obey the call of immediate necessity, nothing that
requires extensive views, or provides for distant consequences will
ever be performed.

To the southern inhabitants of Scotland, the state of the mountains
and the islands is equally unknown with that of Borneo or Sumatra:
Of both they have only heard a little, and guess the rest.  They
are strangers to the language and the manners, to the advantages
and wants of the people, whose life they would model, and whose
evils they would remedy.

Nothing is less difficult than to procure one convenience by the
forfeiture of another.  A soldier may expedite his march by
throwing away his arms.  To banish the Tacksman is easy, to make a
country plentiful by diminishing the people, is an expeditious mode
of husbandry; but little abundance, which there is nobody to enjoy,
contributes little to human happiness.

As the mind must govern the hands, so in every society the man of
intelligence must direct the man of labour.  If the Tacksmen be
taken away, the Hebrides must in their present state be given up to
grossness and ignorance; the tenant, for want of instruction, will
be unskilful, and for want of admonition will be negligent.  The
Laird in these wide estates, which often consist of islands remote
from one another, cannot extend his personal influence to all his
tenants; and the steward having no dignity annexed to his
character, can have little authority among men taught to pay
reverence only to birth, and who regard the Tacksman as their
hereditary superior; nor can the steward have equal zeal for the
prosperity of an estate profitable only to the Laird, with the
Tacksman, who has the Laird's income involved in his own.

The only gentlemen in the Islands are the Lairds, the Tacksmen, and
the Ministers, who frequently improve their livings by becoming
farmers.  If the Tacksmen be banished, who will be left to impart
knowledge, or impress civility?  The Laird must always be at a
distance from the greater part of his lands; and if he resides at
all upon them, must drag his days in solitude, having no longer
either a friend or a companion; he will therefore depart to some
more comfortable residence, and leave the tenants to the wisdom and
mercy of a factor.

Of tenants there are different orders, as they have greater or less
stock.  Land is sometimes leased to a small fellowship, who live in
a cluster of huts, called a Tenants Town, and are bound jointly and
separately for the payment of their rent.  These, I believe, employ
in the care of their cattle, and the labour of tillage, a kind of
tenants yet lower; who having a hut with grass for a certain number
of cows and sheep, pay their rent by a stipulated quantity of
labour.

The condition of domestick servants, or the price of occasional
labour, I do not know with certainty.  I was told that the maids
have sheep, and are allowed to spin for their own clothing; perhaps
they have no pecuniary wages, or none but in very wealthy families.
The state of life, which has hitherto been purely pastoral, begins
now to be a little variegated with commerce; but novelties enter by
degrees, and till one mode has fully prevailed over the other, no
settled notion can be formed.

Such is the system of insular subordination, which, having little
variety, cannot afford much delight in the view, nor long detain
the mind in contemplation.  The inhabitants were for a long time
perhaps not unhappy; but their content was a muddy mixture of pride
and ignorance, an indifference for pleasures which they did not
know, a blind veneration for their chiefs, and a strong conviction
of their own importance.

Their pride has been crushed by the heavy hand of a vindictive
conqueror, whose seventies have been followed by laws, which,
though they cannot be called cruel, have produced much discontent,
because they operate upon the surface of life, and make every eye
bear witness to subjection.  To be compelled to a new dress has
always been found painful.

Their Chiefs being now deprived of their jurisdiction, have already
lost much of their influence; and as they gradually degenerate from
patriarchal rulers to rapacious landlords, they will divest
themselves of the little that remains.

That dignity which they derived from an opinion of their military
importance, the law, which disarmed them, has abated.  An old
gentleman, delighting himself with the recollection of better days,
related, that forty years ago, a Chieftain walked out attended by
ten or twelve followers, with their arms rattling.  That animating
rabble has now ceased.  The Chief has lost his formidable retinue;
and the Highlander walks his heath unarmed and defenceless, with
the peaceable submission of a French peasant or English cottager.

Their ignorance grows every day less, but their knowledge is yet of
little other use than to shew them their wants.  They are now in
the period of education, and feel the uneasiness of discipline,
without yet perceiving the benefit of instruction.

The last law, by which the Highlanders are deprived of their arms,
has operated with efficacy beyond expectation.  Of former statutes
made with the same design, the execution had been feeble, and the
effect inconsiderable.  Concealment was undoubtedly practised, and
perhaps often with connivance.  There was tenderness, or
partiality, on one side, and obstinacy on the other.  But the law,
which followed the victory of Culloden, found the whole nation
dejected and intimidated; informations were given without danger,
and without fear, and the arms were collected with such rigour,
that every house was despoiled of its defence.

To disarm part of the Highlands, could give no reasonable occasion
of complaint.  Every government must be allowed the power of taking
away the weapon that is lifted against it.  But the loyal clans
murmured, with some appearance of justice, that after having
defended the King, they were forbidden for the future to defend
themselves; and that the sword should be forfeited, which had been
legally employed.  Their case is undoubtedly hard, but in political
regulations, good cannot be complete, it can only be predominant.

Whether by disarming a people thus broken into several tribes, and
thus remote from the seat of power, more good than evil has been
produced, may deserve inquiry.  The supreme power in every
community has the right of debarring every individual, and every
subordinate society from self-defence, only because the supreme
power is able to defend them; and therefore where the governor
cannot act, he must trust the subject to act for himself.  These
Islands might be wasted with fire and sword before their sovereign
would know their distress.  A gang of robbers, such as has been
lately found confederating themselves in the Highlands, might lay a
wide region under contribution.  The crew of a petty privateer
might land on the largest and most wealthy of the Islands, and riot
without control in cruelty and waste.  It was observed by one of
the Chiefs of Sky, that fifty armed men might, without resistance
ravage the country.  Laws that place the subjects in such a state,
contravene the first principles of the compact of authority:  they
exact obedience, and yield no protection.

It affords a generous and manly pleasure to conceive a little
nation gathering its fruits and tending its herds with fearless
confidence, though it lies open on every side to invasion, where,
in contempt of walls and trenches, every man sleeps securely with
his sword beside him; where all on the first approach of hostility
came together at the call to battle, as at a summons to a festal
show; and committing their cattle to the care of those whom age or
nature has disabled, engage the enemy with that competition for
hazard and for glory, which operate in men that fight under the eye
of those, whose dislike or kindness they have always considered as
the greatest evil or the greatest good.

This was, in the beginning of the present century, the state of the
Highlands.  Every man was a soldier, who partook of national
confidence, and interested himself in national honour.  To lose
this spirit, is to lose what no small advantage will compensate.

It may likewise deserve to be inquired, whether a great nation
ought to be totally commercial? whether amidst the uncertainty of
human affairs, too much attention to one mode of happiness may not
endanger others? whether the pride of riches must not sometimes
have recourse to the protection of courage? and whether, if it be
necessary to preserve in some part of the empire the military
spirit, it can subsist more commodiously in any place, than in
remote and unprofitable provinces, where it can commonly do little
harm, and whence it may be called forth at any sudden exigence?

It must however be confessed, that a man, who places honour only in
successful violence, is a very troublesome and pernicious animal in
time of peace; and that the martial character cannot prevail in a
whole people, but by the diminution of all other virtues.  He that
is accustomed to resolve all right into conquest, will have very
little tenderness or equity.  All the friendship in such a life can
be only a confederacy of invasion, or alliance of defence.  The
strong must flourish by force, and the weak subsist by stratagem.

Till the Highlanders lost their ferocity, with their arms, they
suffered from each other all that malignity could dictate, or
precipitance could act.  Every provocation was revenged with blood,
and no man that ventured into a numerous company, by whatever
occasion brought together, was sure of returning without a wound.
If they are now exposed to foreign hostilities, they may talk of
the danger, but can seldom feel it.  If they are no longer martial,
they are no longer quarrelsome.  Misery is caused for the most
part, not by a heavy crush of disaster, but by the corrosion of
less visible evils, which canker enjoyment, and undermine security.
The visit of an invader is necessarily rare, but domestick
animosities allow no cessation.

The abolition of the local jurisdictions, which had for so many
ages been exercised by the chiefs, has likewise its evil and its
good.  The feudal constitution naturally diffused itself into long
ramifications of subordinate authority.  To this general temper of
the government was added the peculiar form of the country, broken
by mountains into many subdivisions scarcely accessible but to the
natives, and guarded by passes, or perplexed with intricacies,
through which national justice could not find its way.

The power of deciding controversies, and of punishing offences, as
some such power there must always be, was intrusted to the Lairds
of the country, to those whom the people considered as their
natural judges.  It cannot be supposed that a rugged proprietor of
the rocks, unprincipled and unenlightened, was a nice resolver of
entangled claims, or very exact in proportioning punishment to
offences.  But the more he indulged his own will, the more he held
his vassals in dependence.  Prudence and innocence, without the
favour of the Chief, conferred no security; and crimes involved no
danger, when the judge was resolute to acquit.

When the chiefs were men of knowledge and virtue, the convenience
of a domestick judicature was great.  No long journies were
necessary, nor artificial delays could be practised; the character,
the alliances, and interests of the litigants were known to the
court, and all false pretences were easily detected.  The sentence,
when it was past, could not be evaded; the power of the Laird
superseded formalities, and justice could not be defeated by
interest or stratagem.

I doubt not but that since the regular judges have made their
circuits through the whole country, right has been every where more
wisely, and more equally distributed; the complaint is, that
litigation is grown troublesome, and that the magistrates are too
few, and therefore often too remote for general convenience.

Many of the smaller Islands have no legal officer within them.  I
once asked, If a crime should be committed, by what authority the
offender could be seized? and was told, that the Laird would exert
his right; a right which he must now usurp, but which surely
necessity must vindicate, and which is therefore yet exercised in
lower degrees, by some of the proprietors, when legal processes
cannot be obtained.

In all greater questions, however, there is now happily an end to
all fear or hope from malice or from favour.  The roads are secure
in those places through which, forty years ago, no traveller could
pass without a convoy.  All trials of right by the sword are
forgotten, and the mean are in as little danger from the powerful
as in other places.  No scheme of policy has, in any country, yet
brought the rich and poor on equal terms into courts of judicature.
Perhaps experience, improving on experience, may in time effect it.

Those who have long enjoyed dignity and power, ought not to lose it
without some equivalent.  There was paid to the Chiefs by the
publick, in exchange for their privileges, perhaps a sum greater
than most of them had ever possessed, which excited a thirst for
riches, of which it shewed them the use.  When the power of birth
and station ceases, no hope remains but from the prevalence of
money.  Power and wealth supply the place of each other.  Power
confers the ability of gratifying our desire without the consent of
others.  Wealth enables us to obtain the consent of others to our
gratification.  Power, simply considered, whatever it confers on
one, must take from another.  Wealth enables its owner to give to
others, by taking only from himself.  Power pleases the violent and
proud:  wealth delights the placid and the timorous.  Youth
therefore flies at power, and age grovels after riches.

The Chiefs, divested of their prerogatives, necessarily turned
their thoughts to the improvement of their revenues, and expect
more rent, as they have less homage.  The tenant, who is far from
perceiving that his condition is made better in the same
proportion, as that of his landlord is made worse, does not
immediately see why his industry is to be taxed more heavily than
before.  He refuses to pay the demand, and is ejected; the ground
is then let to a stranger, who perhaps brings a larger stock, but
who, taking the land at its full price, treats with the Laird upon
equal terms, and considers him not as a Chief, but as a trafficker
in land.  Thus the estate perhaps is improved, but the clan is
broken.

It seems to be the general opinion, that the rents have been raised
with too much eagerness.  Some regard must be paid to prejudice.
Those who have hitherto paid but little, will not suddenly be
persuaded to pay much, though they can afford it.  As ground is
gradually improved, and the value of money decreases, the rent may
be raised without any diminution of the farmer's profits:  yet it
is necessary in these countries, where the ejection of a tenant is
a greater evil, than in more populous places, to consider not
merely what the land will produce, but with what ability the
inhabitant can cultivate it.  A certain stock can allow but a
certain payment; for if the land be doubled, and the stock remains
the same, the tenant becomes no richer.  The proprietors of the
Highlands might perhaps often increase their income, by subdividing
the farms, and allotting to every occupier only so many acres as he
can profitably employ, but that they want people.

There seems now, whatever be the cause, to be through a great part
of the Highlands a general discontent.  That adherence, which was
lately professed by every man to the chief of his name, has now
little prevalence; and he that cannot live as he desires at home,
listens to the tale of fortunate islands, and happy regions, where
every man may have land of his own, and eat the product of his
labour without a superior.

Those who have obtained grants of American lands, have, as is well
known, invited settlers from all quarters of the globe; and among
other places, where oppression might produce a wish for new
habitations, their emissaries would not fail to try their
persuasions in the Isles of Scotland, where at the time when the
clans were newly disunited from their Chiefs, and exasperated by
unprecedented exactions, it is no wonder that they prevailed.

Whether the mischiefs of emigration were immediately perceived, may
be justly questioned.  They who went first, were probably such as
could best be spared; but the accounts sent by the earliest
adventurers, whether true or false, inclined many to follow them;
and whole neighbourhoods formed parties for removal; so that
departure from their native country is no longer exile.  He that
goes thus accompanied, carries with him all that makes life
pleasant.  He sits down in a better climate, surrounded by his
kindred and his friends:  they carry with them their language,
their opinions, their popular songs, and hereditary merriment:
they change nothing but the place of their abode; and of that
change they perceive the benefit.

This is the real effect of emigration, if those that go away
together settle on the same spot, and preserve their ancient union.
But some relate that these adventurous visitants of unknown
regions, after a voyage passed in dreams of plenty and felicity,
are dispersed at last upon a Sylvan wilderness, where their first
years must be spent in toil, to clear the ground which is
afterwards to be tilled, and that the whole effect of their
undertakings is only more fatigue and equal scarcity.

Both accounts may be suspected.  Those who are gone will endeavour
by every art to draw others after them; for as their numbers are
greater, they will provide better for themselves.  When Nova Scotia
was first peopled, I remember a letter, published under the
character of a New Planter, who related how much the climate put
him in mind of Italy.  Such intelligence the Hebridians probably
receive from their transmarine correspondents.  But with equal
temptations of interest, and perhaps with no greater niceness of
veracity, the owners of the Islands spread stories of American
hardships to keep their people content at home.

Some method to stop this epidemick desire of wandering, which
spreads its contagion from valley to valley, deserves to be sought
with great diligence.  In more fruitful countries, the removal of
one only makes room for the succession of another:  but in the
Hebrides, the loss of an inhabitant leaves a lasting vacuity; for
nobody born in any other parts of the world will choose this
country for his residence, and an Island once depopulated will
remain a desert, as long as the present facility of travel gives
every one, who is discontented and unsettled, the choice of his
abode.

Let it be inquired, whether the first intention of those who are
fluttering on the wing, and collecting a flock that they may take
their flight, be to attain good, or to avoid evil.  If they are
dissatisfied with that part of the globe, which their birth has
allotted them, and resolve not to live without the pleasures of
happier climates; if they long for bright suns, and calm skies, and
flowery fields, and fragrant gardens, I know not by what eloquence
they can be persuaded, or by what offers they can be hired to stay.

But if they are driven from their native country by positive evils,
and disgusted by ill-treatment, real or imaginary, it were fit to
remove their grievances, and quiet their resentment; since, if they
have been hitherto undutiful subjects, they will not much mend
their principles by American conversation.

To allure them into the army, it was thought proper to indulge them
in the continuance of their national dress.  If this concession
could have any effect, it might easily be made.  That dissimilitude
of appearance, which was supposed to keep them distinct from the
rest of the nation, might disincline them from coalescing with the
Pensylvanians, or people of Connecticut.  If the restitution of
their arms will reconcile them to their country, let them have
again those weapons, which will not be more mischievous at home
than in the Colonies.  That they may not fly from the increase of
rent, I know not whether the general good does not require that the
landlords be, for a time, restrained in their demands, and kept
quiet by pensions proportionate to their loss.

To hinder insurrection, by driving away the people, and to govern
peaceably, by having no subjects, is an expedient that argues no
great profundity of politicks.  To soften the obdurate, to convince
the mistaken, to mollify the resentful, are worthy of a statesman;
but it affords a legislator little self-applause to consider, that
where there was formerly an insurrection, there is now a
wilderness.

It has been a question often agitated without solution, why those
northern regions are now so thinly peopled, which formerly
overwhelmed with their armies the Roman empire.  The question
supposes what I believe is not true, that they had once more
inhabitants than they could maintain, and overflowed only because
they were full.

This is to estimate the manners of all countries and ages by our
own.  Migration, while the state of life was unsettled, and there
was little communication of intelligence between distant places,
was among the wilder nations of Europe, capricious and casual.  An
adventurous projector heard of a fertile coast unoccupied, and led
out a colony; a chief of renown for bravery, called the young men
together, and led them out to try what fortune would present.  When
Caesar was in Gaul, he found the Helvetians preparing to go they
knew not whither, and put a stop to their motions.  They settled
again in their own country, where they were so far from wanting
room, that they had accumulated three years provision for their
march.

The religion of the North was military; if they could not find
enemies, it was their duty to make them:  they travelled in quest
of danger, and willingly took the chance of Empire or Death.  If
their troops were numerous, the countries from which they were
collected are of vast extent, and without much exuberance of people
great armies may be raised where every man is a soldier.  But their
true numbers were never known.  Those who were conquered by them
are their historians, and shame may have excited them to say, that
they were overwhelmed with multitudes.  To count is a modern
practice, the ancient method was to guess; and when numbers are
guessed they are always magnified.

Thus England has for several years been filled with the
atchievements of seventy thousand Highlanders employed in America.
I have heard from an English officer, not much inclined to favour
them, that their behaviour deserved a very high degree of military
praise; but their number has been much exaggerated.  One of the
ministers told me, that seventy thousand men could not have been
found in all the Highlands, and that more than twelve thousand
never took the field.  Those that went to the American war, went to
destruction.  Of the old Highland regiment, consisting of twelve
hundred, only seventy-six survived to see their country again.

The Gothick swarms have at least been multiplied with equal
liberality.  That they bore no great proportion to the inhabitants,
in whose countries they settled, is plain from the paucity of
northern words now found in the provincial languages.  Their
country was not deserted for want of room, because it was covered
with forests of vast extent; and the first effect of plenitude of
inhabitants is the destruction of wood.  As the Europeans spread
over America the lands are gradually laid naked.

I would not be understood to say, that necessity had never any part
in their expeditions.  A nation, whose agriculture is scanty or
unskilful, may be driven out by famine.  A nation of hunters may
have exhausted their game.  I only affirm that the northern regions
were not, when their irruptions subdued the Romans, overpeopled
with regard to their real extent of territory, and power of
fertility.  In a country fully inhabited, however afterward laid
waste, evident marks will remain of its former populousness.  But
of Scandinavia and Germany, nothing is known but that as we trace
their state upwards into antiquity, their woods were greater, and
their cultivated ground was less.

That causes were different from want of room may produce a general
disposition to seek another country is apparent from the present
conduct of the Highlanders, who are in some places ready to
threaten a total secession.  The numbers which have already gone,
though like other numbers they may be magnified, are very great,
and such as if they had gone together and agreed upon any certain
settlement, might have founded an independent government in the
depths of the western continent.  Nor are they only the lowest and
most indigent; many men of considerable wealth have taken with them
their train of labourers and dependants; and if they continue the
feudal scheme of polity, may establish new clans in the other
hemisphere.

That the immediate motives of their desertion must be imputed to
their landlords, may be reasonably concluded, because some Lairds
of more prudence and less rapacity have kept their vassals
undiminished.  From Raasa only one man had been seduced, and at Col
there was no wish to go away.

The traveller who comes hither from more opulent countries, to
speculate upon the remains of pastoral life, will not much wonder
that a common Highlander has no strong adherence to his native
soil; for of animal enjoyments, or of physical good, he leaves
nothing that he may not find again wheresoever he may be thrown.

The habitations of men in the Hebrides may be distinguished into
huts and houses.  By a house, I mean a building with one story over
another; by a hut, a dwelling with only one floor.  The Laird, who
formerly lived in a castle, now lives in a house; sometimes
sufficiently neat, but seldom very spacious or splendid.  The
Tacksmen and the Ministers have commonly houses.  Wherever there is
a house, the stranger finds a welcome, and to the other evils of
exterminating Tacksmen may be added the unavoidable cessation of
hospitality, or the devolution of too heavy a burden on the
Ministers.

Of the houses little can be said.  They are small, and by the
necessity of accumulating stores, where there are so few
opportunities of purchase, the rooms are very heterogeneously
filled.  With want of cleanliness it were ingratitude to reproach
them.  The servants having been bred upon the naked earth, think
every floor clean, and the quick succession of guests, perhaps not
always over-elegant, does not allow much time for adjusting their
apartments.

Huts are of many gradations; from murky dens, to commodious
dwellings.

The wall of a common hut is always built without mortar, by a
skilful adaptation of loose stones.  Sometimes perhaps a double
wall of stones is raised, and the intermediate space filled with
earth.  The air is thus completely excluded.  Some walls are, I
think, formed of turfs, held together by a wattle, or texture of
twigs.  Of the meanest huts, the first room is lighted by the
entrance, and the second by the smoke hole.  The fire is usually
made in the middle.  But there are huts, or dwellings of only one
story, inhabited by gentlemen, which have walls cemented with
mortar, glass windows, and boarded floors.  Of these all have
chimneys, and some chimneys have grates.

The house and the furniture are not always nicely suited.  We were
driven once, by missing a passage, to the hut of a gentleman,
where, after a very liberal supper, when I was conducted to my
chamber, I found an elegant bed of Indian cotton, spread with fine
sheets.  The accommodation was flattering; I undressed myself, and
felt my feet in the mire.  The bed stood upon the bare earth, which
a long course of rain had softened to a puddle.

In pastoral countries the condition of the lowest rank of people is
sufficiently wretched.  Among manufacturers, men that have no
property may have art and industry, which make them necessary, and
therefore valuable.  But where flocks and corn are the only wealth,
there are always more hands than work, and of that work there is
little in which skill and dexterity can be much distinguished.  He
therefore who is born poor never can be rich.  The son merely
occupies the place of the father, and life knows nothing of
progression or advancement.

The petty tenants, and labouring peasants, live in miserable
cabins, which afford them little more than shelter from the storms.
The Boor of Norway is said to make all his own utensils.  In the
Hebrides, whatever might be their ingenuity, the want of wood
leaves them no materials.  They are probably content with such
accommodations as stones of different forms and sizes can afford
them.

Their food is not better than their lodging.  They seldom taste the
flesh of land animals; for here are no markets.  What each man eats
is from his own stock.  The great effect of money is to break
property into small parts.  In towns, he that has a shilling may
have a piece of meat; but where there is no commerce, no man can
eat mutton but by killing a sheep.

Fish in fair weather they need not want; but, I believe, man never
lives long on fish, but by constraint; he will rather feed upon
roots and berries.

The only fewel of the Islands is peat.  Their wood is all consumed,
and coal they have not yet found.  Peat is dug out of the marshes,
from the depth of one foot to that of six.  That is accounted the
best which is nearest the surface.  It appears to be a mass of
black earth held together by vegetable fibres.  I know not whether
the earth be bituminous, or whether the fibres be not the only
combustible part; which, by heating the interposed earth red hot,
make a burning mass.  The heat is not very strong nor lasting.  The
ashes are yellowish, and in a large quantity.  When they dig peat,
they cut it into square pieces, and pile it up to dry beside the
house.  In some places it has an offensive smell.  It is like wood
charked for the smith.  The common method of making peat fires, is
by heaping it on the hearth; but it burns well in grates, and in
the best houses is so used.

The common opinion is, that peat grows again where it has been cut;
which, as it seems to be chiefly a vegetable substance, is not
unlikely to be true, whether known or not to those who relate it.

There are water mills in Sky and Raasa; but where they are too far
distant, the house-wives grind their oats with a quern, or hand-
mill, which consists of two stones, about a foot and a half in
diameter; the lower is a little convex, to which the concavity of
the upper must be fitted.  In the middle of the upper stone is a
round hole, and on one side is a long handle.  The grinder sheds
the corn gradually into the hole with one hand, and works the
handle round with the other.  The corn slides down the convexity of
the lower stone, and by the motion of the upper is ground in its
passage.  These stones are found in Lochabar.

The Islands afford few pleasures, except to the hardy sportsman,
who can tread the moor and climb the mountain.  The distance of one
family from another, in a country where travelling has so much
difficulty, makes frequent intercourse impracticable.  Visits last
several days, and are commonly paid by water; yet I never saw a
boat furnished with benches, or made commodious by any addition to
the first fabric.  Conveniences are not missed where they never
were enjoyed.

The solace which the bagpipe can give, they have long enjoyed; but
among other changes, which the last Revolution introduced, the use
of the bagpipe begins to be forgotten.  Some of the chief families
still entertain a piper, whose office was anciently hereditary.
Macrimmon was piper to Macleod, and Rankin to Maclean of Col.

The tunes of the bagpipe are traditional.  There has been in Sky,
beyond all time of memory, a college of pipers, under the direction
of Macrimmon, which is not quite extinct.  There was another in
Mull, superintended by Rankin, which expired about sixteen years
ago.  To these colleges, while the pipe retained its honour, the
students of musick repaired for education.  I have had my dinner
exhilarated by the bagpipe, at Armidale, at Dunvegan, and in Col.

The general conversation of the Islanders has nothing particular.
I did not meet with the inquisitiveness of which I have read, and
suspect the judgment to have been rashly made.  A stranger of
curiosity comes into a place where a stranger is seldom seen:  he
importunes the people with questions, of which they cannot guess
the motive, and gazes with surprise on things which they, having
had them always before their eyes, do not suspect of any thing
wonderful.  He appears to them like some being of another world,
and then thinks it peculiar that they take their turn to inquire
whence he comes, and whither he is going.

The Islands were long unfurnished with instruction for youth, and
none but the sons of gentlemen could have any literature.  There
are now parochial schools, to which the lord of every manor pays a
certain stipend.  Here the children are taught to read; but by the
rule of their institution, they teach only English, so that the
natives read a language which they may never use or understand.  If
a parish, which often happens, contains several Islands, the school
being but in one, cannot assist the rest.  This is the state of
Col, which, however, is more enlightened than some other places;
for the deficiency is supplied by a young gentleman, who, for his
own improvement, travels every year on foot over the Highlands to
the session at Aberdeen; and at his return, during the vacation,
teaches to read and write in his native Island.

In Sky there are two grammar schools, where boarders are taken to
be regularly educated.  The price of board is from three pounds, to
four pounds ten shillings a year, and that of instruction is half a
crown a quarter.  But the scholars are birds of passage, who live
at school only in the summer; for in winter provisions cannot be
made for any considerable number in one place.  This periodical
dispersion impresses strongly the scarcity of these countries.

Having heard of no boarding-school for ladies nearer than
Inverness, I suppose their education is generally domestick.  The
elder daughters of the higher families are sent into the world, and
may contribute by their acquisitions to the improvement of the
rest.

Women must here study to be either pleasing or useful.  Their
deficiencies are seldom supplied by very liberal fortunes.  A
hundred pounds is a portion beyond the hope of any but the Laird's
daughter.  They do not indeed often give money with their
daughters; the question is, How many cows a young lady will bring
her husband.  A rich maiden has from ten to forty; but two cows are
a decent fortune for one who pretends to no distinction.

The religion of the Islands is that of the Kirk of Scotland.  The
gentlemen with whom I conversed are all inclined to the English
liturgy; but they are obliged to maintain the established Minister,
and the country is too poor to afford payment to another, who must
live wholly on the contribution of his audience.

They therefore all attend the worship of the Kirk, as often as a
visit from their Minister, or the practicability of travelling
gives them opportunity; nor have they any reason to complain of
insufficient pastors; for I saw not one in the Islands, whom I had
reason to think either deficient in learning, or irregular in life:
but found several with whom I could not converse without wishing,
as my respect increased, that they had not been Presbyterians.

The ancient rigour of puritanism is now very much relaxed, though
all are not yet equally enlightened.  I sometimes met with
prejudices sufficiently malignant, but they were prejudices of
ignorance.  The Ministers in the Islands had attained such
knowledge as may justly be admired in men, who have no motive to
study, but generous curiosity, or, what is still better, desire of
usefulness; with such politeness as so narrow a circle of converse
could not have supplied, but to minds naturally disposed to
elegance.

Reason and truth will prevail at last.  The most learned of the
Scottish Doctors would now gladly admit a form of prayer, if the
people would endure it.  The zeal or rage of congregations has its
different degrees.  In some parishes the Lord's Prayer is suffered:
in others it is still rejected as a form; and he that should make
it part of his supplication would be suspected of heretical
pravity.

The principle upon which extemporary prayer was originally
introduced, is no longer admitted.  The Minister formerly, in the
effusion of his prayer, expected immediate, and perhaps perceptible
inspiration, and therefore thought it his duty not to think before
what he should say.  It is now universally confessed, that men pray
as they speak on other occasions, according to the general measure
of their abilities and attainments.  Whatever each may think of a
form prescribed by another, he cannot but believe that he can
himself compose by study and meditation a better prayer than will
rise in his mind at a sudden call; and if he has any hope of
supernatural help, why may he not as well receive it when he writes
as when he speaks?

In the variety of mental powers, some must perform extemporary
prayer with much imperfection; and in the eagerness and rashness of
contradictory opinions, if publick liturgy be left to the private
judgment of every Minister, the congregation may often be offended
or misled.

There is in Scotland, as among ourselves, a restless suspicion of
popish machinations, and a clamour of numerous converts to the
Romish religion.  The report is, I believe, in both parts of the
Island equally false.  The Romish religion is professed only in Egg
and Canna, two small islands, into which the Reformation never made
its way.  If any missionaries are busy in the Highlands, their zeal
entitles them to respect, even from those who cannot think
favourably of their doctrine.

The political tenets of the Islanders I was not curious to
investigate, and they were not eager to obtrude.  Their
conversation is decent and inoffensive.  They disdain to drink for
their principles, and there is no disaffection at their tables.  I
never heard a health offered by a Highlander that might not have
circulated with propriety within the precincts of the King's
palace.

Legal government has yet something of novelty to which they cannot
perfectly conform.  The ancient spirit, that appealed only to the
sword, is yet among them.  The tenant of Scalpa, an island
belonging to Macdonald, took no care to bring his rent; when the
landlord talked of exacting payment, he declared his resolution to
keep his ground, and drive all intruders from the Island, and
continued to feed his cattle as on his own land, till it became
necessary for the Sheriff to dislodge him by violence.

The various kinds of superstition which prevailed here, as in all
other regions of ignorance, are by the diligence of the Ministers
almost extirpated.

Of Browny, mentioned by Martin, nothing has been heard for many
years.  Browny was a sturdy Fairy; who, if he was fed, and kindly
treated, would, as they said, do a great deal of work.  They now
pay him no wages, and are content to labour for themselves.

In Troda, within these three-and-thirty years, milk was put every
Saturday for Greogach, or 'the Old Man with the Long Beard.'
Whether Greogach was courted as kind, or dreaded as terrible,
whether they meant, by giving him the milk, to obtain good, or
avert evil, I was not informed.  The Minister is now living by whom
the practice was abolished.

They have still among them a great number of charms for the cure of
different diseases; they are all invocations, perhaps transmitted
to them from the times of popery, which increasing knowledge will
bring into disuse.

They have opinions, which cannot be ranked with superstition,
because they regard only natural effects.  They expect better crops
of grain, by sowing their seed in the moon's increase.  The moon
has great influence in vulgar philosophy.  In my memory it was a
precept annually given in one of the English Almanacks, 'to kill
hogs when the moon was increasing, and the bacon would prove the
better in boiling.'

We should have had little claim to the praise of curiosity, if we
had not endeavoured with particular attention to examine the
question of the Second Sight.  Of an opinion received for centuries
by a whole nation, and supposed to be confirmed through its whole
descent, by a series of successive facts, it is desirable that the
truth should be established, or the fallacy detected.

The Second Sight is an impression made either by the mind upon the
eye, or by the eye upon the mind, by which things distant or future
are perceived, and seen as if they were present.  A man on a
journey far from home falls from his horse, another, who is perhaps
at work about the house, sees him bleeding on the ground, commonly
with a landscape of the place where the accident befalls him.
Another seer, driving home his cattle, or wandering in idleness, or
musing in the sunshine, is suddenly surprised by the appearance of
a bridal ceremony, or funeral procession, and counts the mourners
or attendants, of whom, if he knows them, he relates the names, if
he knows them not, he can describe the dresses.  Things distant are
seen at the instant when they happen.  Of things future I know not
that there is any rule for determining the time between the Sight
and the event.

This receptive faculty, for power it cannot be called, is neither
voluntary nor constant.  The appearances have no dependence upon
choice:  they cannot be summoned, detained, or recalled.  The
impression is sudden, and the effect often painful.

By the term Second Sight, seems to be meant a mode of seeing,
superadded to that which Nature generally bestows.  In the Earse it
is called Taisch; which signifies likewise a spectre, or a vision.
I know not, nor is it likely that the Highlanders ever examined,
whether by Taisch, used for Second Sight, they mean the power of
seeing, or the thing seen.

I do not find it to be true, as it is reported, that to the Second
Sight nothing is presented but phantoms of evil.  Good seems to
have the same proportions in those visionary scenes, as it obtains
in real life:  almost all remarkable events have evil for their
basis; and are either miseries incurred, or miseries escaped.  Our
sense is so much stronger of what we suffer, than of what we enjoy,
that the ideas of pain predominate in almost every mind.  What is
recollection but a revival of vexations, or history but a record of
wars, treasons, and calamities?  Death, which is considered as the
greatest evil, happens to all.  The greatest good, be it what it
will, is the lot but of a part.

That they should often see death is to be expected; because death
is an event frequent and important.  But they see likewise more
pleasing incidents.  A gentleman told me, that when he had once
gone far from his own Island, one of his labouring servants
predicted his return, and described the livery of his attendant,
which he had never worn at home; and which had been, without any
previous design, occasionally given him.

Our desire of information was keen, and our inquiry frequent.  Mr.
Boswell's frankness and gaiety made every body communicative; and
we heard many tales of these airy shows, with more or less evidence
and distinctness.

It is the common talk of the Lowland Scots, that the notion of the
Second Sight is wearing away with other superstitions; and that its
reality is no longer supposed, but by the grossest people.  How far
its prevalence ever extended, or what ground it has lost, I know
not.  The Islanders of all degrees, whether of rank or
understanding, universally admit it, except the Ministers, who
universally deny it, and are suspected to deny it, in consequence
of a system, against conviction.  One of them honestly told me,
that he came to Sky with a resolution not to believe it.

Strong reasons for incredulity will readily occur.  This faculty of
seeing things out of sight is local, and commonly useless.  It is a
breach of the common order of things, without any visible reason or
perceptible benefit.  It is ascribed only to a people very little
enlightened; and among them, for the most part, to the mean and the
ignorant.

To the confidence of these objections it may be replied, that by
presuming to determine what is fit, and what is beneficial, they
presuppose more knowledge of the universal system than man has
attained; and therefore depend upon principles too complicated and
extensive for our comprehension; and that there can be no security
in the consequence, when the premises are not understood; that the
Second Sight is only wonderful because it is rare, for, considered
in itself, it involves no more difficulty than dreams, or perhaps
than the regular exercise of the cogitative faculty; that a general
opinion of communicative impulses, or visionary representations,
has prevailed in all ages and all nations; that particular
instances have been given, with such evidence, as neither Bacon nor
Bayle has been able to resist; that sudden impressions, which the
event has verified, have been felt by more than own or publish
them; that the Second Sight of the Hebrides implies only the local
frequency of a power, which is nowhere totally unknown; and that
where we are unable to decide by antecedent reason, we must be
content to yield to the force of testimony.

By pretension to Second Sight, no profit was ever sought or gained.
It is an involuntary affection, in which neither hope nor fear are
known to have any part.  Those who profess to feel it, do not boast
of it as a privilege, nor are considered by others as
advantageously distinguished.  They have no temptation to feign;
and their hearers have no motive to encourage the imposture.

To talk with any of these seers is not easy.  There is one living
in Sky, with whom we would have gladly conversed; but he was very
gross and ignorant, and knew no English.  The proportion in these
countries of the poor to the rich is such, that if we suppose the
quality to be accidental, it can very rarely happen to a man of
education; and yet on such men it has sometimes fallen.  There is
now a Second Sighted gentleman in the Highlands, who complains of
the terrors to which he is exposed.

The foresight of the Seers is not always prescience; they are
impressed with images, of which the event only shews them the
meaning.  They tell what they have seen to others, who are at that
time not more knowing than themselves, but may become at last very
adequate witnesses, by comparing the narrative with its
verification.

To collect sufficient testimonies for the satisfaction of the
publick, or of ourselves, would have required more time than we
could bestow.  There is, against it, the seeming analogy of things
confusedly seen, and little understood, and for it, the indistinct
cry of national persuasion, which may be perhaps resolved at last
into prejudice and tradition.  I never could advance my curiosity
to conviction; but came away at last only willing to believe.

As there subsists no longer in the Islands much of that peculiar
and discriminative form of life, of which the idea had delighted
our imagination, we were willing to listen to such accounts of past
times as would be given us.  But we soon found what memorials were
to be expected from an illiterate people, whose whole time is a
series of distress; where every morning is labouring with
expedients for the evening; and where all mental pains or pleasure
arose from the dread of winter, the expectation of spring, the
caprices of their Chiefs, and the motions of the neighbouring
clans; where there was neither shame from ignorance, nor pride in
knowledge; neither curiosity to inquire, nor vanity to communicate.

The Chiefs indeed were exempt from urgent penury, and daily
difficulties; and in their houses were preserved what accounts
remained of past ages.  But the Chiefs were sometimes ignorant and
careless, and sometimes kept busy by turbulence and contention; and
one generation of ignorance effaces the whole series of unwritten
history.  Books are faithful repositories, which may be a while
neglected or forgotten; but when they are opened again, will again
impart their instruction:  memory, once interrupted, is not to be
recalled.  Written learning is a fixed luminary, which, after the
cloud that had hidden it has past away, is again bright in its
proper station.  Tradition is but a meteor, which, if once it
falls, cannot be rekindled.

It seems to be universally supposed, that much of the local history
was preserved by the Bards, of whom one is said to have been
retained by every great family.  After these Bards were some of my
first inquiries; and I received such answers as, for a while, made
me please myself with my increase of knowledge; for I had not then
learned how to estimate the narration of a Highlander.

They said that a great family had a Bard and a Senachi, who were
the poet and historian of the house; and an old gentleman told me
that he remembered one of each.  Here was a dawn of intelligence.
Of men that had lived within memory, some certain knowledge might
be attained.  Though the office had ceased, its effects might
continue; the poems might be found, though there was no poet.

Another conversation indeed informed me, that the same man was both
Bard and Senachi.  This variation discouraged me; but as the
practice might be different in different times, or at the same time
in different families, there was yet no reason for supposing that I
must necessarily sit down in total ignorance.

Soon after I was told by a gentleman, who is generally acknowledged
the greatest master of Hebridian antiquities, that there had indeed
once been both Bards and Senachies; and that Senachi signified 'the
man of talk,' or of conversation; but that neither Bard nor Senachi
had existed for some centuries.  I have no reason to suppose it
exactly known at what time the custom ceased, nor did it probably
cease in all houses at once.  But whenever the practice of
recitation was disused, the works, whether poetical or historical,
perished with the authors; for in those times nothing had been
written in the Earse language.

Whether the 'Man of talk' was a historian, whose office was to tell
truth, or a story-teller, like those which were in the last
century, and perhaps are now among the Irish, whose trade was only
to amuse, it now would be vain to inquire.

Most of the domestick offices were, I believe, hereditary; and
probably the laureat of a clan was always the son of the last
laureat.  The history of the race could no otherwise be
communicated, or retained; but what genius could be expected in a
poet by inheritance?

The nation was wholly illiterate.  Neither bards nor Senachies
could write or read; but if they were ignorant, there was no danger
of detection; they were believed by those whose vanity they
flattered.

The recital of genealogies, which has been considered as very
efficacious to the preservation of a true series of ancestry, was
anciently made, when the heir of the family came to manly age.
This practice has never subsisted within time of memory, nor was
much credit due to such rehearsers, who might obtrude fictitious
pedigrees, either to please their masters, or to hide the
deficiency of their own memories.

Where the Chiefs of the Highlands have found the histories of their
descent is difficult to tell; for no Earse genealogy was ever
written.  In general this only is evident, that the principal house
of a clan must be very ancient, and that those must have lived long
in a place, of whom it is not known when they came thither.

Thus hopeless are all attempts to find any traces of Highland
learning.  Nor are their primitive customs and ancient manner of
life otherwise than very faintly and uncertainly remembered by the
present race.

The peculiarities which strike the native of a commercial country,
proceeded in a great measure from the want of money.  To the
servants and dependents that were not domesticks, and if an
estimate be made from the capacity of any of their old houses which
I have seen, their domesticks could have been but few, were
appropriated certain portions of land for their support.  Macdonald
has a piece of ground yet, called the Bards or Senachies field.
When a beef was killed for the house, particular parts were claimed
as fees by the several officers, or workmen.  What was the right of
each I have not learned.  The head belonged to the smith, and the
udder of a cow to the piper:  the weaver had likewise his
particular part; and so many pieces followed these prescriptive
claims, that the Laird's was at last but little.

The payment of rent in kind has been so long disused in England,
that it is totally forgotten.  It was practised very lately in the
Hebrides, and probably still continues, not only in St. Kilda,
where money is not yet known, but in others of the smaller and
remoter Islands.  It were perhaps to be desired, that no change in
this particular should have been made.  When the Laird could only
eat the produce of his lands, he was under the necessity of
residing upon them; and when the tenant could not convert his stock
into more portable riches, he could never be tempted away from his
farm, from the only place where he could be wealthy.  Money
confounds subordination, by overpowering the distinctions of rank
and birth, and weakens authority by supplying power of resistance,
or expedients for escape.  The feudal system is formed for a nation
employed in agriculture, and has never long kept its hold where
gold and silver have become common.

Their arms were anciently the Glaymore, or great two-handed sword,
and afterwards the two-edged sword and target, or buckler, which
was sustained on the left arm.  In the midst of the target, which
was made of wood, covered with leather, and studded with nails, a
slender lance, about two feet long, was sometimes fixed; it was
heavy and cumberous, and accordingly has for some time past been
gradually laid aside.  Very few targets were at Culloden.  The
dirk, or broad dagger, I am afraid, was of more use in private
quarrels than in battles.  The Lochaber-ax is only a slight
alteration of the old English bill.

After all that has been said of the force and terrour of the
Highland sword, I could not find that the art of defence was any
part of common education.  The gentlemen were perhaps sometimes
skilful gladiators, but the common men had no other powers than
those of violence and courage.  Yet it is well known, that the
onset of the Highlanders was very formidable.  As an army cannot
consist of philosophers, a panick is easily excited by any unwonted
mode of annoyance.  New dangers are naturally magnified; and men
accustomed only to exchange bullets at a distance, and rather to
hear their enemies than see them, are discouraged and amazed when
they find themselves encountered hand to hand, and catch the gleam
of steel flashing in their faces.

The Highland weapons gave opportunity for many exertions of
personal courage, and sometimes for single combats in the field;
like those which occur so frequently in fabulous wars.  At Falkirk,
a gentleman now living, was, I suppose after the retreat of the
King's troops, engaged at a distance from the rest with an Irish
dragoon.  They were both skilful swordsmen, and the contest was not
easily decided:  the dragoon at last had the advantage, and the
Highlander called for quarter; but quarter was refused him, and the
fight continued till he was reduced to defend himself upon his
knee.  At that instant one of the Macleods came to his rescue; who,
as it is said, offered quarter to the dragoon, but he thought
himself obliged to reject what he had before refused, and, as
battle gives little time to deliberate, was immediately killed.

Funerals were formerly solemnized by calling multitudes together,
and entertaining them at great expence.  This emulation of useless
cost has been for some time discouraged, and at last in the Isle of
Sky is almost suppressed.

Of the Earse language, as I understand nothing, I cannot say more
than I have been told.  It is the rude speech of a barbarous
people, who had few thoughts to express, and were content, as they
conceived grossly, to be grossly understood.  After what has been
lately talked of Highland Bards, and Highland genius, many will
startle when they are told, that the Earse never was a written
language; that there is not in the world an Earse manuscript a
hundred years old; and that the sounds of the Highlanders were
never expressed by letters, till some little books of piety were
translated, and a metrical version of the Psalms was made by the
Synod of Argyle.  Whoever therefore now writes in this language,
spells according to his own perception of the sound, and his own
idea of the power of the letters.  The Welsh and the Irish are
cultivated tongues.  The Welsh, two hundred years ago, insulted
their English neighbours for the instability of their Orthography;
while the Earse merely floated in the breath of the people, and
could therefore receive little improvement.

When a language begins to teem with books, it is tending to
refinement; as those who undertake to teach others must have
undergone some labour in improving themselves, they set a
proportionate value on their own thoughts, and wish to enforce them
by efficacious expressions; speech becomes embodied and permanent;
different modes and phrases are compared, and the best obtains an
establishment.  By degrees one age improves upon another.
Exactness is first obtained, and afterwards elegance.  But diction,
merely vocal, is always in its childhood.  As no man leaves his
eloquence behind him, the new generations have all to learn.  There
may possibly be books without a polished language, but there can be
no polished language without books.

That the Bards could not read more than the rest of their
countrymen, it is reasonable to suppose; because, if they had read,
they could probably have written; and how high their compositions
may reasonably be rated, an inquirer may best judge by considering
what stores of imagery, what principles of ratiocination, what
comprehension of knowledge, and what delicacy of elocution he has
known any man attain who cannot read.  The state of the Bards was
yet more hopeless.  He that cannot read, may now converse with
those that can; but the Bard was a barbarian among barbarians, who,
knowing nothing himself, lived with others that knew no more.

There has lately been in the Islands one of these illiterate poets,
who hearing the Bible read at church, is said to have turned the
sacred history into verse.  I heard part of a dialogue, composed by
him, translated by a young lady in Mull, and thought it had more
meaning than I expected from a man totally uneducated; but he had
some opportunities of knowledge; he lived among a learned people.
After all that has been done for the instruction of the
Highlanders, the antipathy between their language and literature
still continues; and no man that has learned only Earse is, at this
time, able to read.

The Earse has many dialects, and the words used in some Islands are
not always known in others.  In literate nations, though the
pronunciation, and sometimes the words of common speech may differ,
as now in England, compared with the South of Scotland, yet there
is a written diction, which pervades all dialects, and is
understood in every province.  But where the whole language is
colloquial, he that has only one part, never gets the rest, as he
cannot get it but by change of residence.

In an unwritten speech, nothing that is not very short is
transmitted from one generation to another.  Few have opportunities
of hearing a long composition often enough to learn it, or have
inclination to repeat it so often as is necessary to retain it; and
what is once forgotten is lost for ever.  I believe there cannot be
recovered, in the whole Earse language, five hundred lines of which
there is any evidence to prove them a hundred years old.  Yet I
hear that the father of Ossian boasts of two chests more of ancient
poetry, which he suppresses, because they are too good for the
English.

He that goes into the Highlands with a mind naturally acquiescent,
and a credulity eager for wonders, may come back with an opinion
very different from mine; for the inhabitants knowing the ignorance
of all strangers in their language and antiquities, perhaps are not
very scrupulous adherents to truth; yet I do not say that they
deliberately speak studied falsehood, or have a settled purpose to
deceive.  They have inquired and considered little, and do not
always feel their own ignorance.  They are not much accustomed to
be interrogated by others; and seem never to have thought upon
interrogating themselves; so that if they do not know what they
tell to be true, they likewise do not distinctly perceive it to be
false.

Mr. Boswell was very diligent in his inquiries; and the result of
his investigations was, that the answer to the second question was
commonly such as nullified the answer to the first.

We were a while told, that they had an old translation of the
scriptures; and told it till it would appear obstinacy to inquire
again.  Yet by continued accumulation of questions we found, that
the translation meant, if any meaning there were, was nothing else
than the Irish Bible.

We heard of manuscripts that were, or that had been in the hands of
somebody's father, or grandfather; but at last we had no reason to
believe they were other than Irish.  Martin mentions Irish, but
never any Earse manuscripts, to be found in the Islands in his
time.

I suppose my opinion of the poems of Ossian is already discovered.
I believe they never existed in any other form than that which we
have seen.  The editor, or author, never could shew the original;
nor can it be shewn by any other; to revenge reasonable
incredulity, by refusing evidence, is a degree of insolence, with
which the world is not yet acquainted; and stubborn audacity is the
last refuge of guilt.  It would be easy to shew it if he had it;
but whence could it be had?  It is too long to be remembered, and
the language formerly had nothing written.  He has doubtless
inserted names that circulate in popular stories, and may have
translated some wandering ballads, if any can be found; and the
names, and some of the images being recollected, make an inaccurate
auditor imagine, by the help of Caledonian bigotry, that he has
formerly heard the whole.

I asked a very learned Minister in Sky, who had used all arts to
make me believe the genuineness of the book, whether at last he
believed it himself? but he would not answer.  He wished me to be
deceived, for the honour of his country; but would not directly and
formally deceive me.  Yet has this man's testimony been publickly
produced, as of one that held Fingal to be the work of Ossian.

It is said, that some men of integrity profess to have heard parts
of it, but they all heard them when they were boys; and it was
never said that any of them could recite six lines.  They remember
names, and perhaps some proverbial sentiments; and, having no
distinct ideas, coin a resemblance without an original.  The
persuasion of the Scots, however, is far from universal; and in a
question so capable of proof, why should doubt be suffered to
continue?  The editor has been heard to say, that part of the poem
was received by him, in the Saxon character.  He has then found, by
some peculiar fortune, an unwritten language, written in a
character which the natives probably never beheld.

I have yet supposed no imposture but in the publisher, yet I am far
from certainty, that some translations have not been lately made,
that may now be obtruded as parts of the original work.  Credulity
on one part is a strong temptation to deceit on the other,
especially to deceit of which no personal injury is the
consequence, and which flatters the author with his own ingenuity.
The Scots have something to plead for their easy reception of an
improbable fiction; they are seduced by their fondness for their
supposed ancestors.  A Scotchman must be a very sturdy moralist,
who does not love Scotland better than truth:  he will always love
it better than inquiry; and if falsehood flatters his vanity, will
not be very diligent to detect it.  Neither ought the English to be
much influenced by Scotch authority; for of the past and present
state of the whole Earse nation, the Lowlanders are at least as
ignorant as ourselves.  To be ignorant is painful; but it is
dangerous to quiet our uneasiness by the delusive opiate of hasty
persuasion.

But this is the age, in which those who could not read, have been
supposed to write; in which the giants of antiquated romance have
been exhibited as realities.  If we know little of the ancient
Highlanders, let us not fill the vacuity with Ossian.  If we had
not searched the Magellanick regions, let us however forbear to
people them with Patagons.

Having waited some days at Armidel, we were flattered at last with
a wind that promised to convey us to Mull.  We went on board a boat
that was taking in kelp, and left the Isle of Sky behind us.  We
were doomed to experience, like others, the danger of trusting to
the wind, which blew against us, in a short time, with such
violence, that we, being no seasoned sailors, were willing to call
it a tempest.  I was sea-sick and lay down.  Mr. Boswell kept the
deck.  The master knew not well whither to go; and our difficulties
might perhaps have filled a very pathetick page, had not Mr.
Maclean of Col, who, with every other qualification which insular
life requires, is a very active and skilful mariner, piloted us
safe into his own harbour.



COL



In the morning we found ourselves under the Isle of Col, where we
landed; and passed the first day and night with Captain Maclean, a
gentleman who has lived some time in the East Indies; but having
dethroned no Nabob, is not too rich to settle in own country.

Next day the wind was fair, and we might have had an easy passage
to Mull; but having, contrarily to our own intention, landed upon a
new Island, we would not leave it wholly unexamined.  We therefore
suffered the vessel to depart without us, and trusted the skies for
another wind.

Mr. Maclean of Col, having a very numerous family, has, for some
time past, resided at Aberdeen, that he may superintend their
education, and leaves the young gentleman, our friend, to govern
his dominions, with the full power of a Highland Chief.  By the
absence of the Laird's family, our entertainment was made more
difficult, because the house was in a great degree disfurnished;
but young Col's kindness and activity supplied all defects, and
procured us more than sufficient accommodation.

Here I first mounted a little Highland steed; and if there had been
many spectators, should have been somewhat ashamed of my figure in
the march.  The horses of the Islands, as of other barren
countries, are very low:  they are indeed musculous and strong,
beyond what their size gives reason for expecting; but a bulky man
upon one of their backs makes a very disproportionate appearance.

From the habitation of Captain Maclean, we went to Grissipol, but
called by the way on Mr. Hector Maclean, the Minister of Col, whom
we found in a hut, that is, a house of only one floor, but with
windows and chimney, and not inelegantly furnished.  Mr. Maclean
has the reputation of great learning:  he is seventy-seven years
old, but not infirm, with a look of venerable dignity, excelling
what I remember in any other man.

His conversation was not unsuitable to his appearance.  I lost some
of his good-will, by treating a heretical writer with more regard
than, in his opinion, a heretick could deserve.  I honoured his
orthodoxy, and did not much censure his asperity.  A man who has
settled his opinions, does not love to have the tranquillity of his
conviction disturbed; and at seventy-seven it is time to be in
earnest.

Mention was made of the Earse translation of the New Testament,
which has been lately published, and of which the learned Mr.
Macqueen of Sky spoke with commendation; but Mr. Maclean said he
did not use it, because he could make the text more intelligible to
his auditors by an extemporary version.  From this I inferred, that
the language of the translation was not the language of the Isle of
Col.

He has no publick edifice for the exercise of his ministry; and can
officiate to no greater number, than a room can contain; and the
room of a hut is not very large.  This is all the opportunity of
worship that is now granted to the inhabitants of the Island, some
of whom must travel thither perhaps ten miles.  Two chapels were
erected by their ancestors, of which I saw the skeletons, which now
stand faithful witnesses of the triumph of the Reformation.

The want of churches is not the only impediment to piety:  there is
likewise a want of Ministers.  A parish often contains more Islands
than one; and each Island can have the Minister only in its own
turn.  At Raasa they had, I think, a right to service only every
third Sunday.  All the provision made by the present ecclesiastical
constitution, for the inhabitants of about a hundred square miles,
is a prayer and sermon in a little room, once in three weeks:  and
even this parsimonious distribution is at the mercy of the weather;
and in those Islands where the Minister does not reside, it is
impossible to tell how many weeks or months may pass without any
publick exercise of religion.



GRISSIPOL IN COL



After a short conversation with Mr. Maclean, we went on to
Grissipol, a house and farm tenanted by Mr. Macsweyn, where I saw
more of the ancient life of a Highlander, than I had yet found.
Mrs. Macsweyn could speak no English, and had never seen any other
places than the Islands of Sky, Mull, and Col:  but she was
hospitable and good-humoured, and spread her table with sufficient
liberality.  We found tea here, as in every other place, but our
spoons were of horn.

The house of Grissipol stands by a brook very clear and quick;
which is, I suppose, one of the most copious streams in the Island.
This place was the scene of an action, much celebrated in the
traditional history of Col, but which probably no two relaters will
tell alike.

Some time, in the obscure ages, Macneil of Barra married the Lady
Maclean, who had the Isle of Col for her jointure.  Whether Macneil
detained Col, when the widow was dead, or whether she lived so long
as to make her heirs impatient, is perhaps not now known.  The
younger son, called John Gerves, or John the Giant, a man of great
strength who was then in Ireland, either for safety, or for
education, dreamed of recovering his inheritance; and getting some
adventurers together, which, in those unsettled times, was not hard
to do, invaded Col.  He was driven away, but was not discouraged,
and collecting new followers, in three years came again with fifty
men.  In his way he stopped at Artorinish in Morvern, where his
uncle was prisoner to Macleod, and was then with his enemies in a
tent.  Maclean took with him only one servant, whom he ordered to
stay at the outside; and where he should see the tent pressed
outwards, to strike with his dirk, it being the intention of
Maclean, as any man provoked him, to lay hands upon him, and push
him back.  He entered the tent alone, with his Lochabar-axe in his
hand, and struck such terror into the whole assembly, that they
dismissed his uncle.

When he landed at Col, he saw the sentinel, who kept watch towards
the sea, running off to Grissipol, to give Macneil, who was there
with a hundred and twenty men, an account of the invasion.  He told
Macgill, one of his followers, that if he intercepted that
dangerous intelligence, by catching the courier, he would give him
certain lands in Mull.  Upon this promise, Macgill pursued the
messenger, and either killed, or stopped him; and his posterity,
till very lately, held the lands in Mull.

The alarm being thus prevented, he came unexpectedly upon Macneil.
Chiefs were in those days never wholly unprovided for an enemy.  A
fight ensued, in which one of their followers is said to have given
an extraordinary proof of activity, by bounding backwards over the
brook of Grissipol.  Macneil being killed, and many of his clan
destroyed, Maclean took possession of the Island, which the
Macneils attempted to conquer by another invasion, but were
defeated and repulsed.

Maclean, in his turn, invaded the estate of the Macneils, took the
castle of Brecacig, and conquered the Isle of Barra, which he held
for seven years, and then restored it to the heirs.



CASTLE OF COL



From Grissipol, Mr. Maclean conducted us to his father's seat; a
neat new house, erected near the old castle, I think, by the last
proprietor.  Here we were allowed to take our station, and lived
very commodiously, while we waited for moderate weather and a fair
wind, which we did not so soon obtain, but we had time to get some
information of the present state of Col, partly by inquiry, and
partly by occasional excursions.

Col is computed to be thirteen miles in length, and three in
breadth.  Both the ends are the property of the Duke of Argyle, but
the middle belongs to Maclean, who is called Col, as the only
Laird.

Col is not properly rocky; it is rather one continued rock, of a
surface much diversified with protuberances, and covered with a
thin layer of earth, which is often broken, and discovers the
stone.  Such a soil is not for plants that strike deep roots; and
perhaps in the whole Island nothing has ever yet grown to the
height of a table.  The uncultivated parts are clothed with heath,
among which industry has interspersed spots of grass and corn; but
no attempt has yet been made to raise a tree.  Young Col, who has a
very laudable desire of improving his patrimony, purposes some time
to plant an orchard; which, if it be sheltered by a wall, may
perhaps succeed.  He has introduced the culture of turnips, of
which he has a field, where the whole work was performed by his own
hand.  His intention is to provide food for his cattle in the
winter.  This innovation was considered by Mr. Macsweyn as the idle
project of a young head, heated with English fancies; but he has
now found that turnips will really grow, and that hungry sheep and
cows will really eat them.

By such acquisitions as these, the Hebrides may in time rise above
their annual distress.  Wherever heath will grow, there is reason
to think something better may draw nourishment; and by trying the
production of other places, plants will be found suitable to every
soil.

Col has many lochs, some of which have trouts and eels, and others
have never yet been stocked; another proof of the negligence of the
Islanders, who might take fish in the inland waters, when they
cannot go to sea.

Their quadrupeds are horses, cows, sheep, and goats.  They have
neither deer, hares, nor rabbits.  They have no vermin, except
rats, which have been lately brought thither by sea, as to other
places; and are free from serpents, frogs, and toads.

The harvest in Col, and in Lewis, is ripe sooner than in Sky; and
the winter in Col is never cold, but very tempestuous.  I know not
that I ever heard the wind so loud in any other place; and Mr.
Boswell observed, that its noise was all its own, for there were no
trees to increase it.

Noise is not the worst effect of the tempests; for they have thrown
the sand from the shore over a considerable part of the land; and
it is said still to encroach and destroy more and more pasture; but
I am not of opinion, that by any surveys or landmarks, its limits
have been ever fixed, or its progression ascertained.  If one man
has confidence enough to say, that it advances, nobody can bring
any proof to support him in denying it.  The reason why it is not
spread to a greater extent, seems to be, that the wind and rain
come almost together, and that it is made close and heavy by the
wet before the storms can put it in motion.  So thick is the bed,
and so small the particles, that if a traveller should be caught by
a sudden gust in dry weather, he would find it very difficult to
escape with life.

For natural curiosities, I was shown only two great masses of
stone, which lie loose upon the ground; one on the top of a hill,
and the other at a small distance from the bottom.  They certainly
were never put into their present places by human strength or
skill; and though an earthquake might have broken off the lower
stone, and rolled it into the valley, no account can be given of
the other, which lies on the hill, unless, which I forgot to
examine, there be still near it some higher rock, from which it
might be torn.  All nations have a tradition, that their earliest
ancestors were giants, and these stones are said to have been
thrown up and down by a giant and his mistress.  There are so many
more important things, of which human knowledge can give no
account, that it may be forgiven us, if we speculate no longer on
two stones in Col.

This Island is very populous.  About nine-and-twenty years ago, the
fencible men of Col were reckoned one hundred and forty, which is
the sixth of eight hundred and forty; and probably some contrived
to be left out of the list.  The Minister told us, that a few years
ago the inhabitants were eight hundred, between the ages of seven
and of seventy.  Round numbers are seldom exact.  But in this case
the authority is good, and the errour likely to be little.  If to
the eight hundred be added what the laws of computation require,
they will be increased to at least a thousand; and if the
dimensions of the country have been accurately related, every mile
maintains more than twenty-five.

This proportion of habitation is greater than the appearance of the
country seems to admit; for wherever the eye wanders, it sees much
waste and little cultivation.  I am more inclined to extend the
land, of which no measure has ever been taken, than to diminish the
people, who have been really numbered.  Let it be supposed, that a
computed mile contains a mile and a half, as was commonly found
true in the mensuration of the English roads, and we shall then
allot nearly twelve to a mile, which agrees much better with ocular
observation.

Here, as in Sky, and other Islands, are the Laird, the Tacksmen,
and the under tenants.

Mr. Maclean, the Laird, has very extensive possessions, being
proprietor, not only of far the greater part of Col, but of the
extensive Island of Rum, and a very considerable territory in Mull.

Rum is one of the larger Islands, almost square, and therefore of
great capacity in proportion to its sides.  By the usual method of
estimating computed extent, it may contain more than a hundred and
twenty square miles.

It originally belonged to Clanronald, and was purchased by Col;
who, in some dispute about the bargain, made Clanronald prisoner,
and kept him nine months in confinement.  Its owner represents it
as mountainous, rugged, and barren.  In the hills there are red
deer.  The horses are very small, but of a breed eminent for
beauty.  Col, not long ago, bought one of them from a tenant; who
told him, that as he was of a shape uncommonly elegant, he could
not sell him but at a high price; and that whoever had him should
pay a guinea and a half.

There are said to be in Barra a race of horses yet smaller, of
which the highest is not above thirty-six inches.

The rent of Rum is not great.  Mr. Maclean declared, that he should
be very rich, if he could set his land at two-pence halfpenny an
acre.  The inhabitants are fifty-eight families, who continued
Papists for some time after the Laird became a Protestant.  Their
adherence to their old religion was strengthened by the countenance
of the Laird's sister, a zealous Romanist, till one Sunday, as they
were going to mass under the conduct of their patroness, Maclean
met them on the way, gave one of them a blow on the head with a
yellow stick, I suppose a cane, for which the Earse had no name,
and drove them to the kirk, from which they have never since
departed.  Since the use of this method of conversion, the
inhabitants of Egg and Canna, who continue Papists, call the
Protestantism of Rum, the religion of the Yellow Stick.

The only Popish Islands are Egg and Canna.  Egg is the principal
Island of a parish, in which, though he has no congregation, the
Protestant Minister resides.  I have heard of nothing curious in
it, but the cave in which a former generation of the Islanders were
smothered by Macleod.

If we had travelled with more leisure, it had not been fit to have
neglected the Popish Islands.  Popery is favourable to ceremony;
and among ignorant nations, ceremony is the only preservative of
tradition.  Since protestantism was extended to the savage parts of
Scotland, it has perhaps been one of the chief labours of the
Ministers to abolish stated observances, because they continued the
remembrance of the former religion.  We therefore who came to hear
old traditions, and see antiquated manners, should probably have
found them amongst the Papists.

Canna, the other Popish Island, belongs to Clanronald.  It is said
not to comprise more than twelve miles of land, and yet maintains
as many inhabitants as Rum.

We were at Col under the protection of the young Laird, without any
of the distresses, which Mr. Pennant, in a fit of simple credulity,
seems to think almost worthy of an elegy by Ossian.  Wherever we
roved, we were pleased to see the reverence with which his subjects
regarded him.  He did not endeavour to dazzle them by any
magnificence of dress:  his only distinction was a feather in his
bonnet; but as soon as he appeared, they forsook their work and
clustered about him:  he took them by the hand, and they seemed
mutually delighted.  He has the proper disposition of a Chieftain,
and seems desirous to continue the customs of his house.  The
bagpiper played regularly, when dinner was served, whose person and
dress made a good appearance; and he brought no disgrace upon the
family of Rankin, which has long supplied the Lairds of Col with
hereditary musick.

The Tacksmen of Col seem to live with less dignity and convenience
than those of Sky; where they had good houses, and tables not only
plentiful, but delicate.  In Col only two houses pay the window
tax; for only two have six windows, which, I suppose, are the
Laird's and Mr. Macsweyn's.

The rents have, till within seven years, been paid in kind, but the
tenants finding that cattle and corn varied in their price, desired
for the future to give their landlord money; which, not having yet
arrived at the philosophy of commerce, they consider as being every
year of the same value.

We were told of a particular mode of under-tenure.  The Tacksman
admits some of his inferior neighbours to the cultivation of his
grounds, on condition that performing all the work, and giving a
third part of the seed, they shall keep a certain number of cows,
sheep, and goats, and reap a third part of the harvest.  Thus by
less than the tillage of two acres they pay the rent of one.

There are tenants below the rank of Tacksmen, that have got smaller
tenants under them; for in every place, where money is not the
general equivalent, there must be some whose labour is immediately
paid by daily food.

A country that has no money, is by no means convenient for beggars,
both because such countries are commonly poor, and because charity
requires some trouble and some thought.  A penny is easily given
upon the first impulse of compassion, or impatience of importunity;
but few will deliberately search their cupboards or their granaries
to find out something to give.  A penny is likewise easily spent,
but victuals, if they are unprepared, require houseroom, and fire,
and utensils, which the beggar knows not where to find.

Yet beggars there sometimes are, who wander from Island to Island.
We had, in our passage to Mull, the company of a woman and her
child, who had exhausted the charity of Col.  The arrival of a
beggar on an Island is accounted a sinistrous event.  Every body
considers that he shall have the less for what he gives away.
Their alms, I believe, is generally oatmeal.

Near to Col is another Island called Tireye, eminent for its
fertility.  Though it has but half the extent of Rum, it is so well
peopled, that there have appeared, not long ago, nine hundred and
fourteen at a funeral.  The plenty of this Island enticed beggars
to it, who seemed so burdensome to the inhabitants, that a formal
compact was drawn up, by which they obliged themselves to grant no
more relief to casual wanderers, because they had among them an
indigent woman of high birth, whom they considered as entitled to
all that they could spare.  I have read the stipulation, which was
indited with juridical formality, but was never made valid by
regular subscription.

If the inhabitants of Col have nothing to give, it is not that they
are oppressed by their landlord:  their leases seem to be very
profitable.  One farmer, who pays only seven pounds a year, has
maintained seven daughters and three sons, of whom the eldest is
educated at Aberdeen for the ministry; and now, at every vacation,
opens a school in Col.

Life is here, in some respects, improved beyond the condition of
some other Islands.  In Sky what is wanted can only be bought, as
the arrival of some wandering pedlar may afford an opportunity; but
in Col there is a standing shop, and in Mull there are two.  A shop
in the Islands, as in other places of little frequentation, is a
repository of every thing requisite for common use.  Mr. Boswell's
journal was filled, and he bought some paper in Col.  To a man that
ranges the streets of London, where he is tempted to contrive
wants, for the pleasure of supplying them, a shop affords no image
worthy of attention; but in an Island, it turns the balance of
existence between good and evil.  To live in perpetual want of
little things, is a state not indeed of torture, but of constant
vexation.  I have in Sky had some difficulty to find ink for a
letter; and if a woman breaks her needle, the work is at a stop.

As it is, the Islanders are obliged to content themselves with
succedaneous means for many common purposes.  I have seen the chief
man of a very wide district riding with a halter for a bridle, and
governing his hobby with a wooden curb.

The people of Col, however, do not want dexterity to supply some of
their necessities.  Several arts which make trades, and demand
apprenticeships in great cities, are here the practices of daily
economy.  In every house candles are made, both moulded and dipped.
Their wicks are small shreds of linen cloth.  They all know how to
extract from the Cuddy, oil for their lamps.  They all tan skins,
and make brogues.

As we travelled through Sky, we saw many cottages, but they very
frequently stood single on the naked ground.  In Col, where the
hills opened a place convenient for habitation, we found a petty
village, of which every hut had a little garden adjoining; thus
they made an appearance of social commerce and mutual offices, and
of some attention to convenience and future supply.  There is not
in the Western Islands any collection of buildings that can make
pretensions to be called a town, except in the Isle of Lewis, which
I have not seen.

If Lewis is distinguished by a town, Col has also something
peculiar.  The young Laird has attempted what no Islander perhaps
ever thought on.  He has begun a road capable of a wheel-carriage.
He has carried it about a mile, and will continue it by annual
elongation from his house to the harbour.

Of taxes here is no reason for complaining; they are paid by a very
easy composition.  The malt-tax for Col is twenty shillings.
Whisky is very plentiful:  there are several stills in the Island,
and more is made than the inhabitants consume.

The great business of insular policy is now to keep the people in
their own country.  As the world has been let in upon them, they
have heard of happier climates, and less arbitrary government; and
if they are disgusted, have emissaries among them ready to offer
them land and houses, as a reward for deserting their Chief and
clan.  Many have departed both from the main of Scotland, and from
the Islands; and all that go may be considered as subjects lost to
the British crown; for a nation scattered in the boundless regions
of America resembles rays diverging from a focus.  All the rays
remain, but the heat is gone.  Their power consisted in their
concentration:  when they are dispersed, they have no effect.

It may be thought that they are happier by the change; but they are
not happy as a nation, for they are a nation no longer.  As they
contribute not to the prosperity of any community, they must want
that security, that dignity, that happiness, whatever it be, which
a prosperous community throws back upon individuals.

The inhabitants of Col have not yet learned to be weary of their
heath and rocks, but attend their agriculture and their dairies,
without listening to American seducements.

There are some however who think that this emigration has raised
terrour disproportionate to its real evil; and that it is only a
new mode of doing what was always done.  The Highlands, they say,
never maintained their natural inhabitants; but the people, when
they found themselves too numerous, instead of extending
cultivation, provided for themselves by a more compendious method,
and sought better fortune in other countries.  They did not indeed
go away in collective bodies, but withdrew invisibly, a few at a
time; but the whole number of fugitives was not less, and the
difference between other times and this, is only the same as
between evaporation and effusion.

This is plausible, but I am afraid it is not true.  Those who went
before, if they were not sensibly missed, as the argument supposes,
must have gone either in less number, or in a manner less
detrimental, than at present; because formerly there was no
complaint.  Those who then left the country were generally the idle
dependants on overburdened families, or men who had no property;
and therefore carried away only themselves.  In the present
eagerness of emigration, families, and almost communities, go away
together.  Those who were considered as prosperous and wealthy sell
their stock and carry away the money.  Once none went away but the
useless and poor; in some parts there is now reason to fear, that
none will stay but those who are too poor to remove themselves, and
too useless to be removed at the cost of others.

Of antiquity there is not more knowledge in Col than in other
places; but every where something may be gleaned.

How ladies were portioned, when there was no money, it would be
difficult for an Englishman to guess.  In 1649, Maclean of Dronart
in Mull married his sister Fingala to Maclean of Coll, with a
hundred and eighty kine; and stipulated, that if she became a
widow, her jointure should be three hundred and sixty.  I suppose
some proportionate tract of land was appropriated to their
pasturage.

The disposition to pompous and expensive funerals, which has at one
time or other prevailed in most parts of the civilized world, is
not yet suppressed in the Islands, though some of the ancient
solemnities are worn away, and singers are no longer hired to
attend the procession.  Nineteen years ago, at the burial of the
Laird of Col, were killed thirty cows, and about fifty sheep.  The
number of the cows is positively told, and we must suppose other
victuals in like proportion.

Mr. Maclean informed us of an odd game, of which he did not tell
the original, but which may perhaps be used in other places, where
the reason of it is not yet forgot.  At New-year's eve, in the hall
or castle of the Laird, where, at festal seasons, there may be
supposed a very numerous company, one man dresses himself in a
cow's hide, upon which other men beat with sticks.  He runs with
all this noise round the house, which all the company quits in a
counterfeited fright:  the door is then shut.  At New-year's eve
there is no great pleasure to be had out of doors in the Hebrides.
They are sure soon to recover from their terrour enough to solicit
for re-admission; which, for the honour of poetry, is not to be
obtained but by repeating a verse, with which those that are
knowing and provident take care to be furnished.

Very near the house of Maclean stands the castle of Col, which was
the mansion of the Laird, till the house was built.  It is built
upon a rock, as Mr. Boswell remarked, that it might not be mined.
It is very strong, and having been not long uninhabited, is yet in
repair.  On the wall was, not long ago, a stone with an
inscription, importing, that 'if any man of the clan of Maclonich
shall appear before this castle, though he come at midnight, with a
man's head in his hand, he shall there find safety and protection
against all but the King.'

This is an old Highland treaty made upon a very memorable occasion.
Maclean, the son of John Gerves, who recovered Col, and conquered
Barra, had obtained, it is said, from James the Second, a grant of
the lands of Lochiel, forfeited, I suppose, by some offence against
the state.

Forfeited estates were not in those days quietly resigned; Maclean,
therefore, went with an armed force to seize his new possessions,
and, I know not for what reason, took his wife with him.  The
Camerons rose in defence of their Chief, and a battle was fought at
the head of Loch Ness, near the place where Fort Augustus now
stands, in which Lochiel obtained the victory, and Maclean, with
his followers, was defeated and destroyed.

The lady fell into the hands of the conquerours, and being found
pregnant was placed in the custody of Maclonich, one of a tribe or
family branched from Cameron, with orders, if she brought a boy, to
destroy him, if a girl, to spare her.

Maclonich's wife, who was with child likewise, had a girl about the
same time at which lady Maclean brought a boy, and Maclonich with
more generosity to his captive, than fidelity to his trust,
contrived that the children should be changed.

Maclean being thus preserved from death, in time recovered his
original patrimony; and in gratitude to his friend, made his castle
a place of refuge to any of the clan that should think himself in
danger; and, as a proof of reciprocal confidence, Maclean took upon
himself and his posterity the care of educating the heir of
Maclonich.

This story, like all other traditions of the Highlands, is
variously related, but though some circumstances are uncertain, the
principal fact is true.  Maclean undoubtedly owed his preservation
to Maclonich; for the treaty between the two families has been
strictly observed:  it did not sink into disuse and oblivion, but
continued in its full force while the chieftains retained their
power.  I have read a demand of protection, made not more than
thirty-seven years ago, for one of the Maclonichs, named Ewen
Cameron, who had been accessory to the death of Macmartin, and had
been banished by Lochiel, his lord, for a certain term; at the
expiration of which he returned married from France, but the
Macmartins, not satisfied with the punishment, when he attempted to
settle, still threatened him with vengeance.  He therefore asked,
and obtained shelter in the Isle of Col.

The power of protection subsists no longer, but what the law
permits is yet continued, and Maclean of Col now educates the heir
of Maclonich.

There still remains in the Islands, though it is passing fast away,
the custom of fosterage.  A Laird, a man of wealth and eminence,
sends his child, either male or female, to a tacksman, or tenant,
to be fostered.  It is not always his own tenant, but some distant
friend that obtains this honour; for an honour such a trust is very
reasonably thought.  The terms of fosterage seem to vary in
different islands.  In Mull, the father sends with his child a
certain number of cows, to which the same number is added by the
fosterer.  The father appropriates a proportionable extent of
ground, without rent, for their pasturage.  If every cow brings a
calf, half belongs to the fosterer, and half to the child; but if
there be only one calf between two cows, it is the child's, and
when the child returns to the parent, it is accompanied by all the
cows given, both by the father and by the fosterer, with half of
the increase of the stock by propagation.  These beasts are
considered as a portion, and called Macalive cattle, of which the
father has the produce, but is supposed not to have the full
property, but to owe the same number to the child, as a portion to
the daughter, or a stock for the son.

Children continue with the fosterer perhaps six years, and cannot,
where this is the practice, be considered as burdensome.  The
fosterer, if he gives four cows, receives likewise four, and has,
while the child continues with him, grass for eight without rent,
with half the calves, and all the milk, for which he pays only four
cows when he dismisses his Dalt, for that is the name for a foster
child.

Fosterage is, I believe, sometimes performed upon more liberal
terms.  Our friend, the young Laird of Col, was fostered by
Macsweyn of Grissipol.  Macsweyn then lived a tenant to Sir James
Macdonald in the Isle of Sky; and therefore Col, whether he sent
him cattle or not, could grant him no land.  The Dalt, however, at
his return, brought back a considerable number of Macalive cattle,
and of the friendship so formed there have been good effects.  When
Macdonald raised his rents, Macsweyn was, like other tenants,
discontented, and, resigning his farm, removed from Sky to Col, and
was established at Grissipol.

These observations we made by favour of the contrary wind that
drove us to Col, an Island not often visited; for there is not much
to amuse curiosity, or to attract avarice.

The ground has been hitherto, I believe, used chiefly for
pasturage.  In a district, such as the eye can command, there is a
general herdsman, who knows all the cattle of the neighbourhood,
and whose station is upon a hill, from which he surveys the lower
grounds; and if one man's cattle invade another's grass, drives
them back to their own borders.  But other means of profit begin to
be found; kelp is gathered and burnt, and sloops are loaded with
the concreted ashes.  Cultivation is likely to be improved by the
skill and encouragement of the present heir, and the inhabitants of
those obscure vallies will partake of the general progress of life.

The rents of the parts which belong to the Duke of Argyle, have
been raised from fifty-five to one hundred and five pounds, whether
from the land or the sea I cannot tell.  The bounties of the sea
have lately been so great, that a farm in Southuist has risen in
ten years from a rent of thirty pounds to one hundred and eighty.

He who lives in Col, and finds himself condemned to solitary meals,
and incommunicable reflection, will find the usefulness of that
middle order of Tacksmen, which some who applaud their own wisdom
are wishing to destroy.  Without intelligence man is not social, he
is only gregarious; and little intelligence will there be, where
all are constrained to daily labour, and every mind must wait upon
the hand.

After having listened for some days to the tempest, and wandered
about the Island till our curiosity was satisfied, we began to
think about our departure.  To leave Col in October was not very
easy.  We however found a sloop which lay on the coast to carry
kelp; and for a price which we thought levied upon our necessities,
the master agreed to carry us to Mull, whence we might readily pass
back to Scotland.



MULL



As we were to catch the first favourable breath, we spent the night
not very elegantly nor pleasantly in the vessel, and were landed
next day at Tobor Morar, a port in Mull, which appears to an
unexperienced eye formed for the security of ships; for its mouth
is closed by a small island, which admits them through narrow
channels into a bason sufficiently capacious.  They are indeed safe
from the sea, but there is a hollow between the mountains, through
which the wind issues from the land with very mischievous violence.

There was no danger while we were there, and we found several other
vessels at anchor; so that the port had a very commercial
appearance.

The young Laird of Col, who had determined not to let us lose his
company, while there was any difficulty remaining, came over with
us.  His influence soon appeared; for he procured us horses, and
conducted us to the house of Doctor Maclean, where we found very
kind entertainment, and very pleasing conversation.  Miss Maclean,
who was born, and had been bred at Glasgow, having removed with her
father to Mull, added to other qualifications, a great knowledge of
the Earse language, which she had not learned in her childhood, but
gained by study, and was the only interpreter of Earse poetry that
I could ever find.

The Isle of Mull is perhaps in extent the third of the Hebrides.
It is not broken by waters, nor shot into promontories, but is a
solid and compact mass, of breadth nearly equal to its length.  Of
the dimensions of the larger Islands, there is no knowledge
approaching to exactness.  I am willing to estimate it as
containing about three hundred square miles.

Mull had suffered like Sky by the black winter of seventy-one, in
which, contrary to all experience, a continued frost detained the
snow eight weeks upon the ground.  Against a calamity never known,
no provision had been made, and the people could only pine in
helpless misery.  One tenant was mentioned, whose cattle perished
to the value of three hundred pounds; a loss which probably more
than the life of man is necessary to repair.  In countries like
these, the descriptions of famine become intelligible.  Where by
vigorous and artful cultivation of a soil naturally fertile, there
is commonly a superfluous growth both of grain and grass; where the
fields are crowded with cattle; and where every hand is able to
attract wealth from a distance, by making something that promotes
ease, or gratifies vanity, a dear year produces only a comparative
want, which is rather seen than felt, and which terminates commonly
in no worse effect, than that of condemning the lower orders of the
community to sacrifice a little luxury to convenience, or at most a
little convenience to necessity.

But where the climate is unkind, and the ground penurious, so that
the most fruitful years will produce only enough to maintain
themselves; where life unimproved, and unadorned, fades into
something little more than naked existence, and every one is busy
for himself, without any arts by which the pleasure of others may
be increased; if to the daily burden of distress any additional
weight be added, nothing remains but to despair and die.  In Mull
the disappointment of a harvest, or a murrain among the cattle,
cuts off the regular provision; and they who have no manufactures
can purchase no part of the superfluities of other countries.  The
consequence of a bad season is here not scarcity, but emptiness;
and they whose plenty, was barely a supply of natural and present
need, when that slender stock fails, must perish with hunger.

All travel has its advantages.  If the passenger visits better
countries, he may learn to improve his own, and if fortune carries
him to worse, he may learn to enjoy it.

Mr. Boswell's curiosity strongly impelled him to survey Iona, or
Icolmkil, which was to the early ages the great school of Theology,
and is supposed to have been the place of sepulture for the ancient
kings.  I, though less eager, did not oppose him.

That we might perform this expedition, it was necessary to traverse
a great part of Mull.  We passed a day at Dr. Maclean's, and could
have been well contented to stay longer.  But Col provided us
horses, and we pursued our journey.  This was a day of
inconvenience, for the country is very rough, and my horse was but
little.  We travelled many hours through a tract, black and barren,
in which, however, there were the reliques of humanity; for we
found a ruined chapel in our way.

It is natural, in traversing this gloom of desolation, to inquire,
whether something may not be done to give nature a more cheerful
face, and whether those hills and moors that afford heath cannot
with a little care and labour bear something better?  The first
thought that occurs is to cover them with trees, for that in many
of these naked regions trees will grow, is evident, because stumps
and roots are yet remaining; and the speculatist hastily proceeds
to censure that negligence and laziness that has omitted for so
long a time so easy an improvement.

To drop seeds into the ground, and attend their growth, requires
little labour and no skill.  He who remembers that all the woods,
by which the wants of man have been supplied from the Deluge till
now, were self-sown, will not easily be persuaded to think all the
art and preparation necessary, which the Georgick writers prescribe
to planters.  Trees certainly have covered the earth with very
little culture.  They wave their tops among the rocks of Norway,
and might thrive as well in the Highlands and Hebrides.

But there is a frightful interval between the seed and timber.  He
that calculates the growth of trees, has the unwelcome remembrance
of the shortness of life driven hard upon him.  He knows that he is
doing what will never benefit himself; and when he rejoices to see
the stem rise, is disposed to repine that another shall cut it
down.

Plantation is naturally the employment of a mind unburdened with
care, and vacant to futurity, saturated with present good, and at
leisure to derive gratification from the prospect of posterity.  He
that pines with hunger, is in little care how others shall be fed.
The poor man is seldom studious to make his grandson rich.  It may
be soon discovered, why in a place, which hardly supplies the
cravings of necessity, there has been little attention to the
delights of fancy, and why distant convenience is unregarded, where
the thoughts are turned with incessant solicitude upon every
possibility of immediate advantage.

Neither is it quite so easy to raise large woods, as may be
conceived.  Trees intended to produce timber must be sown where
they are to grow; and ground sown with trees must be kept useless
for a long time, inclosed at an expence from which many will be
discouraged by the remoteness of the profit, and watched with that
attention, which, in places where it is most needed, will neither
be given nor bought.  That it cannot be plowed is evident; and if
cattle be suffered to graze upon it, they will devour the plants as
fast as they rise.  Even in coarser countries, where herds and
flocks are not fed, not only the deer and the wild goats will
browse upon them, but the hare and rabbit will nibble them.  It is
therefore reasonable to believe, what I do not remember any
naturalist to have remarked, that there was a time when the world
was very thinly inhabited by beasts, as well as men, and that the
woods had leisure to rise high before animals had bred numbers
sufficient to intercept them.

Sir James Macdonald, in part of the wastes of his territory, set or
sowed trees, to the number, as I have been told, of several
millions, expecting, doubtless, that they would grow up into future
navies and cities; but for want of inclosure, and of that care
which is always necessary, and will hardly ever be taken, all his
cost and labour have been lost, and the ground is likely to
continue an useless heath.

Having not any experience of a journey in Mull, we had no doubt of
reaching the sea by day-light, and therefore had not left Dr.
Maclean's very early.  We travelled diligently enough, but found
the country, for road there was none, very difficult to pass.  We
were always struggling with some obstruction or other, and our
vexation was not balanced by any gratification of the eye or mind.
We were now long enough acquainted with hills and heath to have
lost the emotion that they once raised, whether pleasing or
painful, and had our mind employed only on our own fatigue.  We
were however sure, under Col's protection, of escaping all real
evils.  There was no house in Mull to which he could not introduce
us.  He had intended to lodge us, for that night, with a gentleman
that lived upon the coast, but discovered on the way, that he then
lay in bed without hope of life.

We resolved not to embarrass a family, in a time of so much sorrow,
if any other expedient could he found; and as the Island of Ulva
was over-against us, it was determined that we should pass the
strait and have recourse to the Laird, who, like the other
gentlemen of the Islands, was known to Col.  We expected to find a
ferry-boat, but when at last we came to the water, the boat was
gone.

We were now again at a stop.  It was the sixteenth of October, a
time when it is not convenient to sleep in the Hebrides without a
cover, and there was no house within our reach, but that which we
had already declined.



ULVA



While we stood deliberating, we were happily espied from an Irish
ship, that lay at anchor in the strait.  The master saw that we
wanted a passage, and with great civility sent us his boat, which
quickly conveyed us to Ulva, where we were very liberally
entertained by Mr. Macquarry.

To Ulva we came in the dark, and left it before noon the next day.
A very exact description therefore will not be expected.  We were
told, that it is an Island of no great extent, rough and barren,
inhabited by the Macquarrys; a clan not powerful nor numerous, but
of antiquity, which most other families are content to reverence.
The name is supposed to be a depravation of some other; for the
Earse language does not afford it any etymology.  Macquarry is
proprietor both of Ulva and some adjacent Islands, among which is
Staffa, so lately raised to renown by Mr. Banks.

When the Islanders were reproached with their ignorance, or
insensibility of the wonders of Staffa, they had not much to reply.
They had indeed considered it little, because they had always seen
it; and none but philosophers, nor they always, are struck with
wonder, otherwise than by novelty.  How would it surprise an
unenlightened ploughman, to hear a company of sober men, inquiring
by what power the hand tosses a stone, or why the stone, when it is
tossed, falls to the ground!

Of the ancestors of Macquarry, who thus lies hid in his
unfrequented Island, I have found memorials in all places where
they could be expected.

Inquiring after the reliques of former manners, I found that in
Ulva, and, I think, no where else, is continued the payment of the
Mercheta Mulierum; a fine in old times due to the Laird at the
marriage of a virgin.  The original of this claim, as of our tenure
of Borough English, is variously delivered.  It is pleasant to find
ancient customs in old families.  This payment, like others, was,
for want of money, made anciently in the produce of the land.
Macquarry was used to demand a sheep, for which he now takes a
crown, by that inattention to the uncertain proportion between the
value and the denomination of money, which has brought much
disorder into Europe.  A sheep has always the same power of
supplying human wants, but a crown will bring at one time more, at
another less.

Ulva was not neglected by the piety of ardent times:  it has still
to show what was once a church.



INCH KENNETH



In the morning we went again into the boat, and were landed on Inch
Kenneth, an Island about a mile long, and perhaps half a mile
broad, remarkable for pleasantness and fertility.  It is verdant
and grassy, and fit both for pasture and tillage; but it has no
trees.  Its only inhabitants were Sir Allan Maclean and two young
ladies, his daughters, with their servants.

Romance does not often exhibit a scene that strikes the imagination
more than this little desert in these depths of Western obscurity,
occupied not by a gross herdsman, or amphibious fisherman, but by a
gentleman and two ladies, of high birth, polished manners and
elegant conversation, who, in a habitation raised not very far
above the ground, but furnished with unexpected neatness and
convenience, practised all the kindness of hospitality, and
refinement of courtesy.

Sir Allan is the Chieftain of the great clan of Maclean, which is
said to claim the second place among the Highland families,
yielding only to Macdonald.  Though by the misconduct of his
ancestors, most of the extensive territory, which would have
descended to him, has been alienated, he still retains much of the
dignity and authority of his birth.  When soldiers were lately
wanting for the American war, application was made to Sir Allan,
and he nominated a hundred men for the service, who obeyed the
summons, and bore arms under his command.

He had then, for some time, resided with the young ladies in Inch
Kenneth, where he lives not only with plenty, but with elegance,
having conveyed to his cottage a collection of books, and what else
is necessary to make his hours pleasant.

When we landed, we were met by Sir Allan and the Ladies,
accompanied by Miss Macquarry, who had passed some time with them,
and now returned to Ulva with her father.

We all walked together to the mansion, where we found one cottage
for Sir Allan, and I think two more for the domesticks and the
offices.  We entered, and wanted little that palaces afford.  Our
room was neatly floored, and well lighted; and our dinner, which
was dressed in one of the other huts, was plentiful and delicate.

In the afternoon Sir Allan reminded us, that the day was Sunday,
which he never suffered to pass without some religious distinction,
and invited us to partake in his acts of domestick worship; which I
hope neither Mr. Boswell nor myself will be suspected of a
disposition to refuse.  The elder of the Ladies read the English
service.

Inch Kenneth was once a seminary of ecclesiasticks, subordinate, I
suppose, to Icolmkill.  Sir Allan had a mind to trace the
foundations of the college, but neither I nor Mr. Boswell, who
bends a keener eye on vacancy, were able to perceive them.

Our attention, however, was sufficiently engaged by a venerable
chapel, which stands yet entire, except that the roof is gone.  It
is about sixty feet in length, and thirty in breadth.  On one side
of the altar is a bas relief of the blessed Virgin, and by it lies
a little bell; which, though cracked, and without a clapper, has
remained there for ages, guarded only by the venerableness of the
place.  The ground round the chapel is covered with grave-stones of
Chiefs and ladies; and still continues to be a place of sepulture.

Inch Kenneth is a proper prelude to Icolmkill.  It was not without
some mournful emotion that we contemplated the ruins of religious
structures and the monuments of the dead.

On the next day we took a more distinct view of the place, and went
with the boat to see oysters in the bed, out of which the boat-men
forced up as many as were wanted.  Even Inch Kenneth has a
subordinate Island, named Sandiland, I suppose in contempt, where
we landed, and found a rock, with a surface of perhaps four acres,
of which one is naked stone, another spread with sand and shells,
some of which I picked up for their glossy beauty, and two covered
with a little earth and grass, on which Sir Allan has a few sheep.
I doubt not but when there was a college at Inch Kenneth, there was
a hermitage upon Sandiland.

Having wandered over those extensive plains, we committed ourselves
again to the winds and waters; and after a voyage of about ten
minutes, in which we met with nothing very observable, were again
safe upon dry ground.

We told Sir Allan our desire of visiting Icolmkill, and entreated
him to give us his protection, and his company.  He thought proper
to hesitate a little, but the Ladies hinted, that as they knew he
would not finally refuse, he would do better if he preserved the
grace of ready compliance.  He took their advice, and promised to
carry us on the morrow in his boat.

We passed the remaining part of the day in such amusements as were
in our power.  Sir Allan related the American campaign, and at
evening one of the Ladies played on her harpsichord, while Col and
Mr. Boswell danced a Scottish reel with the other.

We could have been easily persuaded to a longer stay upon Inch
Kenneth, but life will not be all passed in delight.  The session
at Edinburgh was approaching, from which Mr. Boswell could not be
absent.

In the morning our boat was ready:  it was high and strong.  Sir
Allan victualled it for the day, and provided able rowers.  We now
parted from the young Laird of Col, who had treated us with so much
kindness, and concluded his favours by consigning us to Sir Allan.
Here we had the last embrace of this amiable man, who, while these
pages were preparing to attest his virtues, perished in the passage
between Ulva and Inch Kenneth.

Sir Allan, to whom the whole region was well known, told us of a
very remarkable cave, to which he would show us the way.  We had
been disappointed already by one cave, and were not much elevated
by the expectation of another.

It was yet better to see it, and we stopped at some rocks on the
coast of Mull.  The mouth is fortified by vast fragments of stone,
over which we made our way, neither very nimbly, nor very securely.
The place, however, well repaid our trouble.  The bottom, as far as
the flood rushes in, was encumbered with large pebbles, but as we
advanced was spread over with smooth sand.  The breadth is about
forty-five feet:  the roof rises in an arch, almost regular, to a
height which we could not measure; but I think it about thirty
feet.

This part of our curiosity was nearly frustrated; for though we
went to see a cave, and knew that caves are dark, we forgot to
carry tapers, and did not discover our omission till we were
wakened by our wants.  Sir Allan then sent one of the boatmen into
the country, who soon returned with one little candle.  We were
thus enabled to go forward, but could not venture far.  Having
passed inward from the sea to a great depth, we found on the right
hand a narrow passage, perhaps not more than six feet wide,
obstructed by great stones, over which we climbed and came into a
second cave, in breadth twenty-five feet.  The air in this
apartment was very warm, but not oppressive, nor loaded with
vapours.  Our light showed no tokens of a feculent or corrupted
atmosphere.  Here was a square stone, called, as we are told,
Fingal's Table.

If we had been provided with torches, we should have proceeded in
our search, though we had already gone as far as any former
adventurer, except some who are reported never to have returned;
and, measuring our way back, we found it more than a hundred and
sixty yards, the eleventh part of a mile.

Our measures were not critically exact, having been made with a
walking pole, such as it is convenient to carry in these rocky
countries, of which I guessed the length by standing against it.
In this there could be no great errour, nor do I much doubt but the
Highlander, whom we employed, reported the number right.  More
nicety however is better, and no man should travel unprovided with
instruments for taking heights and distances.

There is yet another cause of errour not always easily surmounted,
though more dangerous to the veracity of itinerary narratives, than
imperfect mensuration.  An observer deeply impressed by any
remarkable spectacle, does not suppose, that the traces will soon
vanish from his mind, and having commonly no great convenience for
writing, defers the description to a time of more leisure, and
better accommodation.

He who has not made the experiment, or who is not accustomed to
require rigorous accuracy from himself, will scarcely believe how
much a few hours take from certainty of knowledge, and distinctness
of imagery; how the succession of objects will be broken, how
separate parts will be confused, and how many particular features
and discriminations will be compressed and conglobated into one
gross and general idea.

To this dilatory notation must be imputed the false relations of
travellers, where there is no imaginable motive to deceive.  They
trusted to memory, what cannot be trusted safely but to the eye,
and told by guess what a few hours before they had known with
certainty.  Thus it was that Wheeler and Spon described with
irreconcilable contrariety things which they surveyed together, and
which both undoubtedly designed to show as they saw them.

When we had satisfied our curiosity in the cave, so far as our
penury of light permitted us, we clambered again to our boat, and
proceeded along the coast of Mull to a headland, called Atun,
remarkable for the columnar form of the rocks, which rise in a
series of pilasters, with a degree of regularity, which Sir Allan
thinks not less worthy of curiosity than the shore of Staffa.

Not long after we came to another range of black rocks, which had
the appearance of broken pilasters, set one behind another to a
great depth.  This place was chosen by Sir Allan for our dinner.
We were easily accommodated with seats, for the stones were of all
heights, and refreshed ourselves and our boatmen, who could have no
other rest till we were at Icolmkill.

The evening was now approaching, and we were yet at a considerable
distance from the end of our expedition.  We could therefore stop
no more to make remarks in the way, but set forward with some
degree of eagerness.  The day soon failed us, and the moon
presented a very solemn and pleasing scene.  The sky was clear, so
that the eye commanded a wide circle:  the sea was neither still
nor turbulent:  the wind neither silent nor loud.  We were never
far from one coast or another, on which, if the weather had become
violent, we could have found shelter, and therefore contemplated at
ease the region through which we glided in the tranquillity of the
night, and saw now a rock and now an island grow gradually
conspicuous and gradually obscure.  I committed the fault which I
have just been censuring, in neglecting, as we passed, to note the
series of this placid navigation.

We were very near an Island, called Nun's Island, perhaps from an
ancient convent.  Here is said to have been dug the stone that was
used in the buildings of Icolmkill.  Whether it is now inhabited we
could not stay to inquire.

At last we came to Icolmkill, but found no convenience for landing.
Our boat could not be forced very near the dry ground, and our
Highlanders carried us over the water.

We were now treading that illustrious Island, which was once the
luminary of the Caledonian regions, whence savage clans and roving
barbarians derived the benefits of knowledge, and the blessings of
religion.  To abstract the mind from all local emotion would be
impossible, if it were endeavoured, and would be foolish, if it
were possible.  Whatever withdraws us from the power of our senses;
whatever makes the past, the distant, or the future predominate
over the present, advances us in the dignity of thinking beings.
Far from me and from my friends, be such frigid philosophy as may
conduct us indifferent and unmoved over any ground which has been
dignified by wisdom, bravery, or virtue.  That man is little to be
envied, whose patriotism would not gain force upon the plain of
Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of
Iona!

We came too late to visit monuments:  some care was necessary for
ourselves.  Whatever was in the Island, Sir Allan could command,
for the inhabitants were Macleans; but having little they could not
give us much.  He went to the headman of the Island, whom Fame, but
Fame delights in amplifying, represents as worth no less than fifty
pounds.  He was perhaps proud enough of his guests, but ill
prepared for our entertainment; however, he soon produced more
provision than men not luxurious require.  Our lodging was next to
be provided.  We found a barn well stocked with hay, and made our
beds as soft as we could.

In the morning we rose and surveyed the place.  The churches of the
two convents are both standing, though unroofed.  They were built
of unhewn stone, but solid, and not inelegant.  I brought away rude
measures of the buildings, such as I cannot much trust myself,
inaccurately taken, and obscurely noted.  Mr. Pennant's
delineations, which are doubtless exact, have made my unskilful
description less necessary.

The episcopal church consists of two parts, separated by the
belfry, and built at different times.  The original church had,
like others, the altar at one end, and tower at the other:  but as
it grew too small, another building of equal dimension was added,
and the tower then was necessarily in the middle.

That these edifices are of different ages seems evident.  The arch
of the first church is Roman, being part of a circle; that of the
additional building is pointed, and therefore Gothick, or
Saracenical; the tower is firm, and wants only to be floored and
covered.

Of the chambers or cells belonging to the monks, there are some
walls remaining, but nothing approaching to a complete apartment.

The bottom of the church is so incumbered with mud and rubbish,
that we could make no discoveries of curious inscriptions, and what
there are have been already published.  The place is said to be
known where the black stones lie concealed, on which the old
Highland Chiefs, when they made contracts and alliances, used to
take the oath, which was considered as more sacred than any other
obligation, and which could not be violated without the blackest
infamy.  In those days of violence and rapine, it was of great
importance to impress upon savage minds the sanctity of an oath, by
some particular and extraordinary circumstances.  They would not
have recourse to the black stones, upon small or common occasions,
and when they had established their faith by this tremendous
sanction, inconstancy and treachery were no longer feared.

The chapel of the nunnery is now used by the inhabitants as a kind
of general cow-house, and the bottom is consequently too miry for
examination.  Some of the stones which covered the later abbesses
have inscriptions, which might yet be read, if the chapel were
cleansed.  The roof of this, as of all the other buildings, is
totally destroyed, not only because timber quickly decays when it
is neglected, but because in an island utterly destitute of wood,
it was wanted for use, and was consequently the first plunder of
needy rapacity.

The chancel of the nuns' chapel is covered with an arch of stone,
to which time has done no injury; and a small apartment
communicating with the choir, on the north side, like the chapter-
house in cathedrals, roofed with stone in the same manner, is
likewise entire.

In one of the churches was a marble altar, which the superstition
of the inhabitants has destroyed.  Their opinion was, that a
fragment of this stone was a defence against shipwrecks, fire, and
miscarriages.  In one corner of the church the bason for holy water
is yet unbroken.

The cemetery of the nunnery was, till very lately, regarded with
such reverence, that only women were buried in it.  These reliques
of veneration always produce some mournful pleasure.  I could have
forgiven a great injury more easily than the violation of this
imaginary sanctity.

South of the chapel stand the walls of a large room, which was
probably the hall, or refectory of the nunnery.  This apartment is
capable of repair.  Of the rest of the convent there are only
fragments.

Besides the two principal churches, there are, I think, five
chapels yet standing, and three more remembered.  There are also
crosses, of which two bear the names of St. John and St. Matthew.

A large space of ground about these consecrated edifices is covered
with gravestones, few of which have any inscription.  He that
surveys it, attended by an insular antiquary, may be told where the
Kings of many nations are buried, and if he loves to sooth his
imagination with the thoughts that naturally rise in places where
the great and the powerful lie mingled with the dust, let him
listen in submissive silence; for if he asks any questions, his
delight is at an end.

Iona has long enjoyed, without any very credible attestation, the
honour of being reputed the cemetery of the Scottish Kings.  It is
not unlikely, that, when the opinion of local sanctity was
prevalent, the Chieftains of the Isles, and perhaps some of the
Norwegian or Irish princes were reposited in this venerable
enclosure.  But by whom the subterraneous vaults are peopled is now
utterly unknown.  The graves are very numerous, and some of them
undoubtedly contain the remains of men, who did not expect to be so
soon forgotten.

Not far from this awful ground, may be traced the garden of the
monastery:  the fishponds are yet discernible, and the aqueduct,
which supplied them, is still in use.

There remains a broken building, which is called the Bishop's
house, I know not by what authority.  It was once the residence of
some man above the common rank, for it has two stories and a
chimney.  We were shewn a chimney at the other end, which was only
a nich, without perforation, but so much does antiquarian
credulity, or patriotick vanity prevail, that it was not much more
safe to trust the eye of our instructor than the memory.

There is in the Island one house more, and only one, that has a
chimney:  we entered it, and found it neither wanting repair nor
inhabitants; but to the farmers, who now possess it, the chimney is
of no great value; for their fire was made on the floor, in the
middle of the room, and notwithstanding the dignity of their
mansion, they rejoiced, like their neighbours, in the comforts of
smoke.

It is observed, that ecclesiastical colleges are always in the most
pleasant and fruitful places.  While the world allowed the monks
their choice, it is surely no dishonour that they chose well.  This
Island is remarkably fruitful.  The village near the churches is
said to contain seventy families, which, at five in a family, is
more than a hundred inhabitants to a mile.  There are perhaps other
villages:  yet both corn and cattle are annually exported.

But the fruitfulness of Iona is now its whole prosperity.  The
inhabitants are remarkably gross, and remarkably neglected:  I know
not if they are visited by any Minister.  The Island, which was
once the metropolis of learning and piety, has now no school for
education, nor temple for worship, only two inhabitants that can
speak English, and not one that can write or read.

The people are of the clan of Maclean; and though Sir Allan had not
been in the place for many years, he was received with all the
reverence due to their Chieftain.  One of them being sharply
reprehended by him, for not sending him some rum, declared after
his departure, in Mr. Boswell's presence, that he had no design of
disappointing him, 'for,' said he, 'I would cut my bones for him;
and if he had sent his dog for it, he should have had it.'

When we were to depart, our boat was left by the ebb at a great
distance from the water, but no sooner did we wish it afloat, than
the islanders gathered round it, and, by the union of many hands,
pushed it down the beach; every man who could contribute his help
seemed to think himself happy in the opportunity of being, for a
moment, useful to his Chief.

We now left those illustrious ruins, by which Mr. Boswell was much
affected, nor would I willingly be thought to have looked upon them
without some emotion.  Perhaps, in the revolutions of the world,
Iona may be sometime again the instructress of the Western Regions.

It was no long voyage to Mull, where, under Sir Allan's protection,
we landed in the evening, and were entertained for the night by Mr.
Maclean, a Minister that lives upon the coast, whose elegance of
conversation, and strength of judgment, would make him conspicuous
in places of greater celebrity.  Next day we dined with Dr.
Maclean, another physician, and then travelled on to the house of a
very powerful Laird, Maclean of Lochbuy; for in this country every
man's name is Maclean.

Where races are thus numerous, and thus combined, none but the
Chief of a clan is addressed by his name.  The Laird of Dunvegan is
called Macleod, but other gentlemen of the same family are
denominated by the places where they reside, as Raasa, or Talisker.
The distinction of the meaner people is made by their Christian
names.  In consequence of this practice, the late Laird of
Macfarlane, an eminent genealogist, considered himself as
disrespectfully treated, if the common addition was applied to him.
Mr. Macfarlane, said he, may with equal propriety be said to many;
but I, and I only, am Macfarlane.

Our afternoon journey was through a country of such gloomy
desolation, that Mr. Boswell thought no part of the Highlands
equally terrifick, yet we came without any difficulty, at evening,
to Lochbuy, where we found a true Highland Laird, rough and
haughty, and tenacious of his dignity; who, hearing my name,
inquired whether I was of the Johnstons of Glencroe, or of
Ardnamurchan.

Lochbuy has, like the other insular Chieftains, quitted the castle
that sheltered his ancestors, and lives near it, in a mansion not
very spacious or splendid.  I have seen no houses in the Islands
much to be envied for convenience or magnificence, yet they bare
testimony to the progress of arts and civility, as they shew that
rapine and surprise are no longer dreaded, and are much more
commodious than the ancient fortresses.

The castles of the Hebrides, many of which are standing, and many
ruined, were always built upon points of land, on the margin of the
sea.  For the choice of this situation there must have been some
general reason, which the change of manners has left in obscurity.
They were of no use in the days of piracy, as defences of the
coast; for it was equally accessible in other places.  Had they
been sea-marks or light-houses, they would have been of more use to
the invader than the natives, who could want no such directions of
their own waters:  for a watch-tower, a cottage on a hill would
have been better, as it would have commanded a wider view.

If they be considered merely as places of retreat, the situation
seems not well chosen; for the Laird of an Island is safest from
foreign enemies in the center; on the coast he might be more
suddenly surprised than in the inland parts; and the invaders, if
their enterprise miscarried, might more easily retreat.  Some
convenience, however, whatever it was, their position on the shore
afforded; for uniformity of practice seldom continues long without
good reason.

A castle in the Islands is only a single tower of three or four
stories, of which the walls are sometimes eight or nine feet thick,
with narrow windows, and close winding stairs of stone.  The top
rises in a cone, or pyramid of stone, encompassed by battlements.
The intermediate floors are sometimes frames of timber, as in
common houses, and sometimes arches of stone, or alternately stone
and timber; so that there was very little danger from fire.  In the
center of every floor, from top to bottom, is the chief room, of no
great extent, round which there are narrow cavities, or recesses,
formed by small vacuities, or by a double wall.  I know not whether
there be ever more than one fire-place.  They had not capacity to
contain many people, or much provision; but their enemies could
seldom stay to blockade them; for if they failed in the first
attack, their next care was to escape.

The walls were always too strong to be shaken by such desultory
hostilities; the windows were too narrow to be entered, and the
battlements too high to be scaled.  The only danger was at the
gates, over which the wall was built with a square cavity, not
unlike a chimney, continued to the top.  Through this hollow the
defendants let fall stones upon those who attempted to break the
gate, and poured down water, perhaps scalding water, if the attack
was made with fire.  The castle of Lochbuy was secured by double
doors, of which the outer was an iron grate.

In every castle is a well and a dungeon.  The use of the well is
evident.  The dungeon is a deep subterraneous cavity, walled on the
sides, and arched on the top, into which the descent is through a
narrow door, by a ladder or a rope, so that it seems impossible to
escape, when the rope or ladder is drawn up.  The dungeon was, I
suppose, in war, a prison for such captives as were treated with
severity, and, in peace, for such delinquents as had committed
crimes within the Laird's jurisdiction; for the mansions of many
Lairds were, till the late privation of their privileges, the halls
of justice to their own tenants.

As these fortifications were the productions of mere necessity,
they are built only for safety, with little regard to convenience,
and with none to elegance or pleasure.  It was sufficient for a
Laird of the Hebrides, if he had a strong house, in which he could
hide his wife and children from the next clan.  That they are not
large nor splendid is no wonder.  It is not easy to find how they
were raised, such as they are, by men who had no money, in
countries where the labourers and artificers could scarcely be fed.
The buildings in different parts of the Island shew their degrees
of wealth and power.  I believe that for all the castles which I
have seen beyond the Tweed, the ruins yet remaining of some one of
those which the English built in Wales, would supply materials.

These castles afford another evidence that the fictions of
romantick chivalry had for their basis the real manners of the
feudal times, when every Lord of a seignory lived in his hold
lawless and unaccountable, with all the licentiousness and
insolence of uncontested superiority and unprincipled power.  The
traveller, whoever he might be, coming to the fortified habitation
of a Chieftain, would, probably, have been interrogated from the
battlements, admitted with caution at the gate, introduced to a
petty Monarch, fierce with habitual hostility, and vigilant with
ignorant suspicion; who, according to his general temper, or
accidental humour, would have seated a stranger as his guest at the
table, or as a spy confined him in the dungeon.

Lochbuy means the Yellow Lake, which is the name given to an inlet
of the sea, upon which the castle of Mr. Maclean stands.  The
reason of the appellation we did not learn.

We were now to leave the Hebrides, where we had spent some weeks
with sufficient amusement, and where we had amplified our thoughts
with new scenes of nature, and new modes of life.  More time would
have given us a more distinct view, but it was necessary that Mr.
Boswell should return before the courts of justice were opened; and
it was not proper to live too long upon hospitality, however
liberally imparted.

Of these Islands it must be confessed, that they have not many
allurements, but to the mere lover of naked nature.  The
inhabitants are thin, provisions are scarce, and desolation and
penury give little pleasure.

The people collectively considered are not few, though their
numbers are small in proportion to the space which they occupy.
Mull is said to contain six thousand, and Sky fifteen thousand.  Of
the computation respecting Mull, I can give no account; but when I
doubted the truth of the numbers attributed to Sky, one of the
Ministers exhibited such facts as conquered my incredulity.

Of the proportion, which the product of any region bears to the
people, an estimate is commonly made according to the pecuniary
price of the necessaries of life; a principle of judgment which is
never certain, because it supposes what is far from truth, that the
value of money is always the same, and so measures an unknown
quantity by an uncertain standard.  It is competent enough when the
markets of the same country, at different times, and those times
not too distant, are to be compared; but of very little use for the
purpose of making one nation acquainted with the state of another.
Provisions, though plentiful, are sold in places of great pecuniary
opulence for nominal prices, to which, however scarce, where gold
and silver are yet scarcer, they can never be raised.

In the Western Islands there is so little internal commerce, that
hardly any thing has a known or settled rate.  The price of things
brought in, or carried out, is to be considered as that of a
foreign market; and even this there is some difficulty in
discovering, because their denominations of quantity are different
from ours; and when there is ignorance on both sides, no appeal can
be made to a common measure.

This, however, is not the only impediment.  The Scots, with a
vigilance of jealousy which never goes to sleep, always suspect
that an Englishman despises them for their poverty, and to convince
him that they are not less rich than their neighbours, are sure to
tell him a price higher than the true.  When Lesley, two hundred
years ago, related so punctiliously, that a hundred hen eggs, new
laid, were sold in the Islands for a peny, he supposed that no
inference could possibly follow, but that eggs were in great
abundance.  Posterity has since grown wiser; and having learned,
that nominal and real value may differ, they now tell no such
stories, lest the foreigner should happen to collect, not that eggs
are many, but that pence are few.

Money and wealth have by the use of commercial language been so
long confounded, that they are commonly supposed to be the same;
and this prejudice has spread so widely in Scotland, that I know
not whether I found man or woman, whom I interrogated concerning
payments of money, that could surmount the illiberal desire of
deceiving me, by representing every thing as dearer than it is.

From Lochbuy we rode a very few miles to the side of Mull, which
faces Scotland, where, having taken leave of our kind protector,
Sir Allan, we embarked in a boat, in which the seat provided for
our accommodation was a heap of rough brushwood; and on the twenty-
second of October reposed at a tolerable inn on the main land.

On the next day we began our journey southwards.  The weather was
tempestuous.  For half the day the ground was rough, and our horses
were still small.  Had they required much restraint, we might have
been reduced to difficulties; for I think we had amongst us but one
bridle.  We fed the poor animals liberally, and they performed
their journey well.  In the latter part of the day, we came to a
firm and smooth road, made by the soldiers, on which we travelled
with great security, busied with contemplating the scene about us.
The night came on while we had yet a great part of the way to go,
though not so dark, but that we could discern the cataracts which
poured down the hills, on one side, and fell into one general
channel that ran with great violence on the other.  The wind was
loud, the rain was heavy, and the whistling of the blast, the fall
of the shower, the rush of the cataracts, and the roar of the
torrent, made a nobler chorus of the rough musick of nature than it
had ever been my chance to hear before.  The streams, which ran
cross the way from the hills to the main current, were so frequent,
that after a while I began to count them; and, in ten miles,
reckoned fifty-five, probably missing some, and having let some
pass before they forced themselves upon my notice.  At last we came
to Inverary, where we found an inn, not only commodious, but
magnificent.

The difficulties of peregrination were now at an end.  Mr. Boswell
had the honour of being known to the Duke of Argyle, by whom we
were very kindly entertained at his splendid seat, and supplied
with conveniences for surveying his spacious park and rising
forests.

After two days stay at Inverary we proceeded Southward over
Glencroe, a black and dreary region, now made easily passable by a
military road, which rises from either end of the glen by an
acclivity not dangerously steep, but sufficiently laborious.  In
the middle, at the top of the hill, is a seat with this
inscription, 'Rest, and be thankful.'  Stones were placed to mark
the distances, which the inhabitants have taken away, resolved,
they said, 'to have no new miles.'

In this rainy season the hills streamed with waterfalls, which,
crossing the way, formed currents on the other side, that ran in
contrary directions as they fell to the north or south of the
summit.  Being, by the favour of the Duke, well mounted, I went up
and down the hill with great convenience.

From Glencroe we passed through a pleasant country to the banks of
Loch Lomond, and were received at the house of Sir James Colquhoun,
who is owner of almost all the thirty islands of the Loch, which we
went in a boat next morning to survey.  The heaviness of the rain
shortened our voyage, but we landed on one island planted with yew,
and stocked with deer, and on another containing perhaps not more
than half an acre, remarkable for the ruins of an old castle, on
which the osprey builds her annual nest.  Had Loch Lomond been in a
happier climate, it would have been the boast of wealth and vanity
to own one of the little spots which it incloses, and to have
employed upon it all the arts of embellishment.  But as it is, the
islets, which court the gazer at a distance, disgust him at his
approach, when he finds, instead of soft lawns; and shady thickets,
nothing more than uncultivated ruggedness.

Where the Loch discharges itself into a river, called the Leven, we
passed a night with Mr. Smollet, a relation of Doctor Smollet, to
whose memory he has raised an obelisk on the bank near the house in
which he was born.  The civility and respect which we found at
every place, it is ungrateful to omit, and tedious to repeat.  Here
we were met by a post-chaise, that conveyed us to Glasgow.

To describe a city so much frequented as Glasgow, is unnecessary.
The prosperity of its commerce appears by the greatness of many
private houses, and a general appearance of wealth.  It is the only
episcopal city whose cathedral was left standing in the rage of
Reformation.  It is now divided into many separate places of
worship, which, taken all together, compose a great pile, that had
been some centuries in building, but was never finished; for the
change of religion intercepted its progress, before the cross isle
was added, which seems essential to a Gothick cathedral.

The college has not had a sufficient share of the increasing
magnificence of the place.  The session was begun; for it commences
on the tenth of October and continues to the tenth of June, but the
students appeared not numerous, being, I suppose, not yet returned
from their several homes.  The division of the academical year into
one session, and one recess, seems to me better accommodated to the
present state of life, than that variegation of time by terms and
vacations derived from distant centuries, in which it was probably
convenient, and still continued in the English universities.  So
many solid months as the Scotch scheme of education joins together,
allow and encourage a plan for each part of the year; but with us,
he that has settled himself to study in the college is soon tempted
into the country, and he that has adjusted his life in the country,
is summoned back to his college.

Yet when I have allowed to the universities of Scotland a more
rational distribution of time, I have given them, so far as my
inquiries have informed me, all that they can claim.  The students,
for the most part, go thither boys, and depart before they are men;
they carry with them little fundamental knowledge, and therefore
the superstructure cannot be lofty.  The grammar schools are not
generally well supplied; for the character of a school-master being
there less honourable than in England, is seldom accepted by men
who are capable to adorn it, and where the school has been
deficient, the college can effect little.

Men bred in the universities of Scotland cannot be expected to be
often decorated with the splendours of ornamental erudition, but
they obtain a mediocrity of knowledge, between learning and
ignorance, not inadequate to the purposes of common life, which is,
I believe, very widely diffused among them, and which countenanced
in general by a national combination so invidious, that their
friends cannot defend it, and actuated in particulars by a spirit
of enterprise, so vigorous, that their enemies are constrained to
praise it, enables them to find, or to make their way to
employment, riches, and distinction.

From Glasgow we directed our course to Auchinleck, an estate
devolved, through a long series of ancestors, to Mr. Boswell's
father, the present possessor.  In our way we found several places
remarkable enough in themselves, but already described by those who
viewed them at more leisure, or with much more skill; and stopped
two days at Mr. Campbell's, a gentleman married to Mr. Boswell's
sister.

Auchinleck, which signifies a stony field, seems not now to have
any particular claim to its denomination.  It is a district
generally level, and sufficiently fertile, but like all the Western
side of Scotland, incommoded by very frequent rain.  It was, with
the rest of the country, generally naked, till the present
possessor finding, by the growth of some stately trees near his old
castle, that the ground was favourable enough to timber, adorned it
very diligently with annual plantations.

Lord Auchinleck, who is one of the Judges of Scotland, and
therefore not wholly at leisure for domestick business or pleasure,
has yet found time to make improvements in his patrimony.  He has
built a house of hewn stone, very stately, and durable, and has
advanced the value of his lands with great tenderness to his
tenants.

I was, however, less delighted with the elegance of the modern
mansion, than with the sullen dignity of the old castle.  I
clambered with Mr. Boswell among the ruins, which afford striking
images of ancient life.  It is, like other castles, built upon a
point of rock, and was, I believe, anciently surrounded with a
moat.  There is another rock near it, to which the drawbridge, when
it was let down, is said to have reached.  Here, in the ages of
tumult and rapine, the Laird was surprised and killed by the
neighbouring Chief, who perhaps might have extinguished the family,
had he not in a few days been seized and hanged, together with his
sons, by Douglas, who came with his forces to the relief of
Auchinleck.

At no great distance from the house runs a pleasing brook, by a red
rock, out of which has been hewn a very agreeable and commodious
summer-house, at less expence, as Lord Auchinleck told me, than
would have been required to build a room of the same dimensions.
The rock seems to have no more dampness than any other wall.  Such
opportunities of variety it is judicious not to neglect.

We now returned to Edinburgh, where I passed some days with men of
learning, whose names want no advancement from my commemoration, or
with women of elegance, which perhaps disclaims a pedant's praise.

The conversation of the Scots grows every day less unpleasing to
the English; their peculiarities wear fast away; their dialect is
likely to become in half a century provincial and rustick, even to
themselves.  The great, the learned, the ambitious, and the vain,
all cultivate the English phrase, and the English pronunciation,
and in splendid companies Scotch is not much heard, except now and
then from an old Lady.

There is one subject of philosophical curiosity to be found in
Edinburgh, which no other city has to shew; a college of the deaf
and dumb, who are taught to speak, to read, to write, and to
practice arithmetick, by a gentleman, whose name is Braidwood.  The
number which attends him is, I think, about twelve, which he brings
together into a little school, and instructs according to their
several degrees of proficiency.

I do not mean to mention the instruction of the deaf as new.
Having been first practised upon the son of a constable of Spain,
it was afterwards cultivated with much emulation in England, by
Wallis and Holder, and was lately professed by Mr. Baker, who once
flattered me with hopes of seeing his method published.  How far
any former teachers have succeeded, it is not easy to know; the
improvement of Mr. Braidwood's pupils is wonderful.  They not only
speak, write, and understand what is written, but if he that speaks
looks towards them, and modifies his organs by distinct and full
utterance, they know so well what is spoken, that it is an
expression scarcely figurative to say, they hear with the eye.
That any have attained to the power mentioned by Burnet, of feeling
sounds, by laying a hand on the speaker's mouth, I know not; but I
have seen so much, that I can believe more; a single word, or a
short sentence, I think, may possibly be so distinguished.

It will readily be supposed by those that consider this subject,
that Mr. Braidwood's scholars spell accurately.  Orthography is
vitiated among such as learn first to speak, and then to write, by
imperfect notions of the relation between letters and vocal
utterance; but to those students every character is of equal
importance; for letters are to them not symbols of names, but of
things; when they write they do not represent a sound, but
delineate a form.

This school I visited, and found some of the scholars waiting for
their master, whom they are said to receive at his entrance with
smiling countenances and sparkling eyes, delighted with the hope of
new ideas.  One of the young Ladies had her slate before her, on
which I wrote a question consisting of three figures, to be
multiplied by two figures.  She looked upon it, and quivering her
fingers in a manner which I thought very pretty, but of which I
know not whether it was art or play, multiplied the sum regularly
in two lines, observing the decimal place; but did not add the two
lines together, probably disdaining so easy an operation.  I
pointed at the place where the sum total should stand, and she
noted it with such expedition as seemed to shew that she had it
only to write.

It was pleasing to see one of the most desperate of human
calamities capable of so much help; whatever enlarges hope, will
exalt courage; after having seen the deaf taught arithmetick, who
would be afraid to cultivate the Hebrides?

Such are the things which this journey has given me an opportunity
of seeing, and such are the reflections which that sight has
raised.  Having passed my time almost wholly in cities, I may have
been surprised by modes of life and appearances of nature, that are
familiar to men of wider survey and more varied conversation.
Novelty and ignorance must always be reciprocal, and I cannot but
be conscious that my thoughts on national manners, are the thoughts
of one who has seen but little.





End of Project Gutenberg Etext Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland

